Intellihuman Is A Fusion Technology Solution - 1405 Words

Introduction Intellihuman is an innovative and fascinating new solution which emphasizes on providing real time patient data, locality and monitoring range of vital statistics and subsequently relaying this information with a health care facility such as a hospital or clinic. In sense, intellihuman is the perfect collaboration of medical technology and Information Technology, providing the users with the best of both worlds. Intellihuman should be considers a giant leap involving these two fields as it is integral in the development of patient care over time utilizing every possible smart devices at our disposal. Intellihuman is a fusion technology solution between hardware/software which gives older medical equipment access to new software and its corresponding hardware upgrade and provides smart organization of patient records and services provided to them ultimately improving the whole experience. Its use in the medical field is virtually limitless. The board at intellihuman consists of veterans of both IT and medical fields guiding the main strategy of the company with ample experience in both areas. The goal is to grow with the established bio-medical businesses and keep up to date with the growing difficulty in providing cost effective care while maintaining or even increasing the overall efficiency. The other factor considered vigorously is protection and discretion of information that is retained on patients. The idea behind intellihuman is not automating the whole

Global Warming Is An Issue That Scientists And All People...

Many folks have heard of global warming which is also known as the Greenhouse effect, but don’t know if it’s real or not, well the answer is that it is real and hopefully by the end of reading this people will understand why. There are numerous thoughts about whether global warming is truly an issue that scientists and all people should be concerned with. Some people feel that climate change is not a threat at all, but at the same time others feel that global warming is a huge threat to people and to the environment. People have mixed feelings on whether global warming is truly a concern, while some also have disagreeing ideas when it comes to what degree the Earth is being affected by these changes. Many studies are being done to further†¦show more content†¦They are beginning to agree that global warming must be kept under control in order to avoid a major disaster. Not only is global warming just an issue in the United States, but it is becoming a very impo rtant international issue as well (Newton 181). Some scientists are beginning to promote the idea that everyone can help to slow the speed of global warming because it is becoming such a pressing issue. Due to the rapid pace of global warming, people must take action now to preserve the world as humans know it today. Global Warming is one of the more controversial topics in the world today. Some people feel that it is a big issue, while others don’t think as much about it. However, global warming has already proven itself to be a major problem we are encountering. A lot of people believe that this ‘warm spell’ is just that, a spell that’s going to pass with time. They think that the trends we are seeing are only part of a cycle and we have experienced them before. But if looked at the data, as well as the projected data scientists are now beginning to publish, they would see the degree of this ‘warm spell’ is many times worse than any people have ever had in the past. Global warming might be a new topic that causes people to react differently, but all large topics start out this way. As time goes on and humans continue to see the effects of global warming, it will become more accepted in our society because it won’t just be a controversial issu e that we talk

Harvey Norman - Leadership Strategies and Qualities

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Strategies of Harvey Norman. Answer: Introduction Leadership comprises of basic ability and skill of an individual to get work done. It is a process where an individual through his judgmental skills and knowledge helps in achieving the individual and group goals. The main aim of a leader is to lead the organization in achieving targets (Fairholm, 2011). Some of the quality which a leader should posses are as follows: he should be focused, confident, passionate, achiever, accountable, credible, determined, responsible, committed etc. Abovementioned are the fundamental traits which are seen in a leader. A leader is born not made is a common quote which focuses on the qualities which a leader should have. It is only due to the hard work and dedication of leader an organization achieves its targets (Powell, 2012). Leadership Strategies The success of an organization depends upon the capability of the leader who guides to adopt the changes. The recent changes in the business practices has affected in successful obtaining the required results. Leadership plays a significant role in changing the business approach to enforce the required plan. The quality of leadership has to do with the clear vision of the leader. The ability of a company doesnt depend upon the single leadership but the chain of commands. Leadership includes both the formal and informal leadership styles. The quality of the leadership depends upon the current and the future projects. It is depicted through the number of business functions, location, reporting relationship etc (Schein, 2006). There is a regular need to adopt the business behavior, strategy and to form the desired competencies. The group leadership capabilities depends upon the strategies, response to the threat, adopt the change and supporting the innovation. The desired leadership pra ctice involves collaboration across boundaries, accepting different responsibilities and learning the people behavior to lead the organization. A good leadership strategy counts each of the factors into practice. A leadership strategy helps us to make an estimate of the number of leaders which are required in an organization. There are very few organizations which have an explicit leadership strategy. Like business strategy leadership strategy are based on examining the situations. The strategy helps in suggesting the gap in between the current and the future situation. The desired goals can be framed after framing the leadership strategy. It helps in formulating the required future state, inference for talent management etc. Finally the leadership strategy helps in emphasizing the business strategies as per the required talent (Sperry, 2013) (Passmore, 2014). The leadership strategy should be motivated by the business strategies which are specified in the business plan. It highly depend upon many factors like quantity of leaders, leadership quality, skills of the individual land the group, capabilities of the organization, the leadership culture, etc (Manion,2011). Leadership Qualities There is a requirement of great leaders who enhance the overall productivity sitting at the top level. Enhanced language skills in the leader helps in building strong cross-cultural relationships Greater understanding of local laws and business arrangements in strategy making. Great senses of responsibility among the leaders help in effective collaboration of the new product. There is a need to need increase leadership involvement across different zones to gather information related to the consumer product which will help in making profitable transactions. Great leaders have acumen to anticipate the rapid growing capital market. A leader has vision regarding the future changes which can influence the trends in an organization. A great leader is responsible for the success of the organization. Most of the big organization is successful due to the skills of leader. They help others to grow with them under their influence. It is necessary that an organization profess efficient leadershi p to achieve the required goals (Maxwell, 2007) (Glanz, 2002). Description of the Leader It is true that the success of an organization depends upon the leader largely. The key behavior to achieve the target is the skills of the leaders. The success of Harvey Norman depends upon the dedication and vision of Gerry Harvey leadership. His behavior towards the employee and business has led the success of the organization. His ability to lead the organization highly affects his role and the achievement of the company. He is responsible for the success of the organization for the past 26 years. Its due to his dedication the company is working under three brands name not only in Australia but other countries as well (Kirby,2011). Company Profile Harvey Norman is an Australian based company which deals in furniture, bedding, computers, communications and other electronic goods. Gerry Norman and Ian Norman is the founder of Harvey Norman. They started their first store in the year1961. There are more than 166 Harvey Norman franchised places in Australia as on 30 June 2015. The company is listed on the Australian Exchange and has 86 over-sea operations. Gerry Harvey is the founder of the company and owns 30 percent of the holdings. The major factor for the success of the brand all over Australia is his retail savvy attitude. He understands the market trends and the business tools which are essential for the organization to achieve a pleasant growth under different circumstances. It is only due to his idea the company has shown commendable results over the past years. He provides his employees all the resources to bloom under variable situations. He welcomes suggestion from his staff which has helped the employees to behave in t he favor of the organization (Company Profile, 2016). Gerry Harvey Gerry Harvey was born on18 September 1939 in Springwood, New South Wales. He is one of the largest business entrepreneurs in Australia. He is the chairman of Harvey Norman Holdings which are providing franchise to the electronic goods retailer in Australia. He has become successful due to persistent hard work and dedication. He has resisted the notion of hiring the professional managers and board members which may affect the success of the organization. It is Harvey which introduced personal computer to the people in Australia. His leadership skills are one of the best in the world. He married Katie Page in the year 1988, who is his business partner and working as a CEO for the company. Both Gerry and Page are regarded as the best business couple who are taking Harvey Norman to the indefinite heights. Gerrys leadership style is considered to be one of the most influential styles. The success of Harvey Norman is due to his persistent efforts and leadership goals. Harvey Norman follows 6 major elements regarding business modeling strategies which are production of huge diversified products, following a competitive strategies, managing people , selling products through ownership and franchising, appearance in social events and investment in properties (Kidman and Feher,2016) (Perera and Pudney,2013). Managerial Role A leader has a responsibility to manage the organization with his vision. A leader has to play various roles in the success of the organization. He is the one who is responsible to share information within the organization through his interpersonal skills. Gerry is the heart and soul of Harvey Norman where he is responsible to take significant decisions in the favor of the company. He is the central head of the company as majority of decisions flow from him. Effective implementation of policies by Gerry can be seen in the vision of the company (Humphrey, 2010). Personal Role An individual personal skill is responsible for the success of the organization. A leader has a set of goals which helps him in the success of the organization. It is witnessed that effective leadership helps in the growth of the organization. Gerry is the face for Harvey Norman who interacts with the media and makes public appearances. He feels that it is essential to interact with the public to achieve the faith of stakeholders. A visionary has to adopt the changes as per the current situations. Gerry lacks vision like other leaders he is still focused on issuing franchisee to the small retailers. The world is changing rapidly where it is essential to adopt the changes in the environment. For sustainability it is essential to adopt the changes as per the growing trends. The strength of the organization depends upon the adaptability with the current situation. It is necessary for a leader to be flexible with his approach. The expansion of an organization depends upon the surrounding s. Ethical business practice is important in the global business scenario. This characteristic is exhibited by Mr. Gerry in conducting business. As per the record he is the lowest paid CEO in Australia (Samson and Daft,2012). Leadership Styles Leadership styles are the different ways in which a leader provides direction to the people. There are various leadership styles which are described by various authors. Different leaders exhibit different leadership style. Leadership style depends upon the individual qualities which develop due to influence in various fields (Bonnici and Cooper,2011). Authoritarian Theory The leader dictates over his subordinate and controls all the activities of the organization. There is lesser participation of members and they are obliged to follow the leader. He emphasize on maintaining a distance from his followers. This leadership style focus on following the vision of the leader. This type of leadership skill can create a fear in the mind of the people. The subordinates are bound to obey the instruction from the authority. There is a very less scope when they can rebel against any change; hence the subordinates are bound to obey the instructions from their seniors ( Iqbal,2011). Paternalistic Approach An approach where a leader acts as a dominant authority and manages his employees like an extended family .The leader believes his employees to obey him and to do as per his instructions. Workers under this style are asked to be committed towards their leaders. The leaders and the subordinates share a string relationship. The leader treats the workers as the part of their family. The disadvantage of this approach is the leader follows favoritism in the organization which affects the personal relations of the employees. Workers who follow this approach showcase better organizational skills. The reward system motivates the worker to work in a good faith (Gennard and Judge, 2002). Transactional Theory It is a leadership theory where the leaders supervise through both rewards and punishment. If the work is done properly employees get the credit if not they, they are given punishment. It is also known as managerial leadership which promotes compliance by the followers. This approach is not focused on changing the future but is concerned for keeping the same situation. The leaders keep an eye on the followers to find the fault. This leadership is effective in managing the organization in emergency situation. Democratic Approach This leadership style is also known as participative leadership style where the members are given rights to exchange the ideas. The leaders encourages sharing of idea and flow of knowledge within the organization. This style is suitable in a dynamic organization. This leadership style helps in bringing the best out of professional team. The leader allows sharing of ideas for the benefit of the company. It is well noticed that the company can grow when the team mate share healthy relationship. If the ideas of leaders are open to make discussion it will create healthy relationship within the organization. This helps in equal participation from the employees which create a sense of belongingness. Laissez Faire It is a French term which means a system where the leader leaves the decision making process on the mercy of the subordinate without much interference. Subordinate are given liberty in decision making process. All decision making rights are given to the workers. It gives complete freedom to the workers to make decisions as per their wish. They follow the system of self rule with the support of the leader. The guidance of the leaders helps them to achieve the required targets which are essentially important. This type of leadership style is focused on accomplishing the goals of the employees rather than focusing on the organizational goals. It is stated that this type of leadership style is famous in the case of highly skilled employees who has an experience in their respective field. Gerry Harvey is seen as the successful CEO who is responsible for the consistent growth of Harvey Norman. He leads a very normal life like the other employees of the organization. His vision involves sharing of ideas among the employees is essential for the success of the organization. Like other CEO who has a well furnished office and amenities Gerry believes in living an average person life. He pays a regular visit to the stores to check the regular business and employees level of involvement. His hard work and entrepreneurial skills has helped in contributing to the achievement of the retail chain (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2009). Challenges Gerry style of conducting the business is very old fashioned. Lack of adaptability to change in the present scenario can cause threat to the organization. The company is still focused on issuing franchise to the independent retailer. In the era of technology they should focus on changing their business style in the good faith of the organization. The current period has seen a growth in the online shopping. Most of the people around the world are opting buying goods online rather than physical shopping. His approach of doing business is bureaucratic where he is ignoring the global changing scenario. There is a need to introduce respective changes adopting the global necessity (Online retailing threatens Australia,2012). Effective leader uses an appropriate influential style to affect the decision making of the employees significantly. The negotiating power of the leader helps in deciding in common whereas the power to bargain is the quality in the leader to make situation in his favor. Gerry believes in exerting his influence over the employees to affect the decision making. He follows a policy to resolve the differences in between the level of operations. Forcing employees creates fear in their mind which stops them to achieve the targets. Multi Cultural Leadership With globalization the world is shrinking into a small place where people of every race, creed, and nationality are included in the workforce. Multi cultural leadership is where one accepts the difference in culture and appreciates the contribution from each individual and believes in growth of whole world (Pewit et al. 2011). Gerry Harvey is expanding its business to other nations which has helped in creating opportunities at the local level. A multi-cultural leader helps in developing the relationship with other countries as he knows that this would benefit him in his growth. Business Strategy with the Leadership Style Harvey Norman is the most famous retail store in Australia. It has become a household name and preferred by most of the Australians due to its wide availability. Their motto Go Harvey motivates its employees to make an extra contribution by providing to its customers the distinguished services. Their mission is to create a sense of responsibility with the employees in achieving the goals. Due to immense global competition it has seen that the retail sector is facing a major challenge from the international stores (McLachlan,2015).There strategy involves production of large goods, selling the goods at competitive rates and managing the people through franchising. Most of the business of Harvey Norman is conducted through their retail store. Gerry Norman is a pioneer of physical buying rather than online shopping. For meeting the purpose he is following the strategy of expansion. His vision is correlated with his way of conducting business. For this purpose he is planning for the expansion across the globe. They have taken over a strong market position. The subsequent acquisition of many brands has provided the brand with the cutting edge. The retail stores are expanding at a considerable rate and are gaining popularity. Its under the leadership of Gerry the company is making distinguish changes in the process of undertaking the motive of the employees to another level. Gerry considered that the employees are essential for an organizational growth. It is due to their efforts the company can survive for a long run( Hubbard, Rice and Galvin,2014). At present the company is operating in more than 13 countries with multiple stores which are meeting the quality standards. Gerry vision is to expand the business opportunity and make the slogan Go Harvey famous across the globe. Gerry is very liberal with his approach. The employees are allowed to share their suggestions with him anytime they want (Company Profile,2016). There talent acquisition programs and employees retention schemes are considered to be best. For this purpose they are benefiting their employees with multiple opportunities. They have introduced several schemes which re as Providing a discount on the rentals to the employees After 6 months of employment the employees are given extra benefit like laptops, tablets etc They provide car on lease to the employees under the benefit schemes which save them under any tax. They promote healthy job environment and helps in flexible working environment (BENEFITS,2016). Plans to be Considered Harvey Norman should focus on developing online sale of goods. A recent trend has shown that the consumers are inclined towards shopping goods online. The current leadership under the guidance of Gerry Harvey would help the organization to grow in the coming years. Moreover the market strategies are based on providing the franchises to the small retailers. This has created employment opportunities. The leadership strategies of Gerry Harvey are focused and creating differential opportunities. The retail sector has created maximum opportunities for employment in Australia. Harvey Norman should frame their strategies focusing on the development of the employees under the leadership strategies off Gerry Harvey. Conclusion The report focuses on the different style of leadership which is practiced across the world. Technology has created ample of opportunities in different part of the world. Organizations are adopting different strategies as per the necessity. The growing needs of leadership have gained importance in the recent time. The project discusses the leadership style of Harvey Norman under the leadership of Gerry Harvey. He is the face behind the success of the organization. It discusses various leadership styles which he is focusing on by consistently focusing on the mission of the organization. Employees are the asset of any organization, it is necessary for an employer to consistently motivating them to increase the overall productivity. Gerry Harvey has helped in motivating the organization in the past two decades which has helped the organization in making big name. References Benefits(2016) (Online) Available from https://www.harveynormanglobal.com/benefits/ (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Bonnici,C. and Cooper,B.(2011). Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education Company Profile,(2016) (Online)Available from https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/companyprofile.htm (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Company Profile. (2016) (Online) Available from https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/pdf_files/Company_Profile_2012.pdf (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Fairholm,G.(2011). Real Leadership: How Spiritual Values Give Leadership Meaning. ABC-CLIO Gennard,J. and Judge,G.(2002). Employee Relations. CIPD Publishing Glanz,J.(2002). Finding Your Leadership Style: A Guide for Educators. ASCD Hubbard,G.,Rice,J. and Galvin,P.(2014). Strategic Management. Pearson Australia Humphrey,N.(2010). The Penguin Small Business Guide: The Complete Reference Handbook For Small Businesses. Penguin UK Iqbal,T.(2011). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Effectiveness. GRIN Verlag Kidman,M. and Feher,A.(2016). Master CEOs: Insights from Australia's Leading CEOs. John Wiley Sons Kirby,J.(2011). Gerry Harvey: Business Secrets of Harvey Norman's Retailing Mastermind.Wiley, Manion,J.(2011). From Management to Leadership: Strategies for Transforming Health.John Wiley Sons Maxwell, J. (2007). The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader: Becoming the Person Others Will Want to Follow. Thomas Nelson Inc McLachlan,H.(2015). Hamish McLachlan: What you didnt know about Harvey Norman chief Gerry Harvey(Online)Available from: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/hamish-mclachlan-what-you-didnt-know-about-harvey-norman-chief-gerry-harvey/news-story/ea8b2d4fd6429fb28ad67791c6578610 (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Online retailing threatens Australia.(2012). (Online)Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2012/s3458857.htm (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Passmore,W.(2014) (Online)Available from https://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/research/LeadershipStrategy.pdf (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Perera,G. and Pudney,C.(2013). Out of Office. eBookIt.com Powell, C. (2012). It worked for me: in life and leadership. US: Harper Collins Prewitt, J., Weil, R.and McClure. (2011). Developing leadership in global and multi cultural organization. International journal of business and social science, pp.13-19 Pride,W., Hughes,R. and Kapoor,J.(2009). Business. Cengage Learning Samson,D. and Daft,R.(2012). Management. Cengage Learning Schein,E.(2006). Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley Sons Sperry, L. (2013). Effective Leadership: Strategies for Maximizing Executive Productivity and Health. Routledge

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay Example

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay In this paper, I will attempt to explicate and discuss some aspects of Frances Tustins concept of the unbearable ecstasy of at-one-ment emphasizing her attentiveness to the importance of the containing function of the mother with regard to this elemental experience; Meltzers notion of the aesthetic conflict; and Bions important and original distinction between reverence and awe and defensive idealization as each of these specific themes separately and in combination have some essential bearing upon the provocation or mitigation of envy, the process of introjection, the development of both healthy and pathological internal object relations, and the resultant nature of the super-ego and individual self-esteem. I hope to be able to demonstrate how these concepts overlap, intersect, and modify one another perhaps reflecting the personal and professional intersection between these three clinicians and their profound impact on my thinking. Toward this end, I will offer clinical case material, both as a background for and an illustration of the phenomena described, as well as certain conclusions, which may have some impact upon our attitude and technique in psychoanalysis. To begin with, I would like to present a clinical vignette from the analysis of a patient, whom I will call Jessica, as an introduction to and background for the theoretical discussion which follows. Jessica (Clinical Material Omitted Here) We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Aesthetic Conflict I was re-minded of Jessicas experience while reading Donald Meltzers paper (Meltzer Williams, 1988) on what he terms the aesthetic conflict. In that paper, Meltzer states: It has probably escaped no-ones attention that the percentage of beautiful mothers recorded in the course of psycho-analysis far exceeds the national average and that this appellation clearly refers back to childhood impressions often completely out of keeping with later more objective judgments by the patients of their middle-aged parent (p.8-9). Here Meltzer prompts our consideration of the possibility that the view of the beautiful mother, often presented by patients in analysis, harkens back to some early proto-aesthetic experience; one that is however not without conflict. Rocked in the cradle of the deep of his mothers graceful walk; lulled by the music of her voice set against the syncopation of his own heart-beat and hers; responding in dance like a little seal, playful as a puppy. But moments of anxiety, short of fetal distress, may also transmit itself through heart-beat, rigidity, trembling, jarring movements; perhaps a coital activity may be disturbing rather than enjoyable, perhaps again dependent on the quality of maternal emotion; maternal fatigue may transmit itself by loss of postural tone and graceless movement (p.17). In this passage Meltzer indicates that the baby knows its mother inside and out as both the bad and the beautiful and is impacted on a sensual level by each of her physical, mental, and emotional qualities even before its birth. This notion reverberates with findings from current fetal observation (Mancia 1981; Piontelli 1985, 1987, 1988, 1992a, 1992b), psychoanalytic/clinical inference (Bion 1976/1987,1977a; Freud 1926; Hansen 1994; Maiello 1995; Mitrani 1996; Osterweil 1990; Paul 1981, 1989, 1990; Share 1994), and imaginative conjecture (Bion 1979). Indeed Meltzer purports that . . . every baby knows from experience that his mother has an inside world, a world where he has dwelled and from whence he has been expelled or escaped, depending on his point of view (p.21), and he goes on to posit that, after birth: The ordinary devoted mother presents to her ordinary beautiful baby a complex object of overwhelming interest, both sensual and infra-sensual. Her outward beauty . . . bombards him with an emotional experience of a passionate quality, the result of his being able to see [her] as beautiful. But the meaning of his mothers behavior, of the appearance and disappearance of the breast and of the light in her eyes, of a face over which emotions pass like the shadows of clouds over the landscape, are unknown to him (p.22). Meltzer seems to suggest here that mother is an enigma to her baby. The baby may have known her, and yet perhaps shaken by the impressive caesura of the act of birth (Freud 1926) it has suddenly become uncertain of what it knows. Is she a beauty or the beast? When Meltzer proposes that This is the aesthetic conflict, which can be most precisely stated in terms of the aesthetic impact of the outside of the beautiful mother available to the senses, and the enigmatic inside which must be construed by creative imagination (p.22, italic mine). it seems that he is implying that the babys sensory experience of the beautiful (good) mother must be confirmed by what the baby finds inside the mother, and that the babys experience of the mothers inner world her mood, her emotional and mental life, her attitudes about herself and her baby is colored by creative imagination, i.e., by its own phantasies via the process of projective identification. However further along, Meltzer appends the above conclusion, submitting that the baby must wait like Kafkas K for decisions from the castle of his mothers inner world (p.22). With this addition, it would seem he is suggesting and, I believe, is correct in doing so that it is not just the babys creative imagination that imbues the inside of the mother and the babys pre- and postnatal experience of her with meaning, since, as he so astutely observes, the baby must derive its cues from the mothers conscious and unconscious communications; that is, the baby must wait for its mother to confirm its greatest hopes or its gravest fears. To put it another way, the baby asks: how does mother view/experience herself? and it must anxiously await the answer from its mother. I believe that the babys question and the mothers answer together constitute one aspect of the type of reality testing that Melanie Klein (1975) referred to as the means by which the baby finds validation for the enduring existence of the good breast, the good internal object, and the good experience it represents. An example of this type of reality testing, and the consequences of a distorted message being received from the castle of the mothers inner world, may be seen in the following material from the four times per week analysis of another patient whom I will refer to as Carla. Carla (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Lara (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Reverence and Awe versus Idealization In a paper read at a scientific meeting of the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society in 1967, Bion (1992) described an encounter with one patient who came to him after a previous analysis from which he had benefited, but with which he was nonetheless dissatisfied. At first Bion expected to find greed at the bottom of this patients distress, but it soon became clear to him that there was something else going on. Bion described his patients outpourings, which were so fragmented that they would have required an omniscient analyst to sort out and make sense of (p.289). Bions interpretations were either labeled brilliant or they were met with extreme disappointment and hostility to the point of depression. He finally concluded that: There is a great difference between idealization of a parent because the child is in despair, and idealization because the child is in search of an outlet for feelings of reverence and awe. In the latter instance the problem centers on frustration and the inability to tolerate frustration of a fundamental part of a particular patients make-up. This is likely to happen if the patient is capable of love and admiration to an outstanding degree; in the former instance the patient may have no particular capacity for affection but a great greed to be its recipient. The answer to the question which is it ? will not be found in any textbook but only in the process of psycho-analysis itself (p.292). In his customary style, Bion avoids saturating his concepts, leaving them somewhat ambiguous, and thus allowing us the freedom to use our own capacity for imaginative conjecture to fill in the blanks, so to speak. I will yield to the temptation to do so with the understanding that the reader may draw his or her own conclusions, which may very well differ from my own. I think Bion seems to be saying that, in this instance, he had met with a patient for whom Kleins theory of envy did not apply. Indeed he seems to be making it clear that he did not see his patients disappointment and hostility as constituting an attack on the good breast or the analysts good interpretations. Neither did he seem to see the patients fragmented presentation as the result of an envious attack on thinking or on the links that might have rendered his communications meaningful and relevant (Bion 1959). Instead, Bion appears to conclude that his patient was attempting to have an experience of an object who might be able to understand and transform the inchoate experiences of the as-yet-unintegrated-baby-he and was therefore seeking the realization of his preconception of an object who can contain these experiences as well as his innate capacity for love, reverence, and awe. I would put forward here that the containing capacity, initially found and felt to be located in this type of external object when introjected leads to the development of an internal object capable of sustaining and bearing feelings of ecstasy and love; an object that might form the basis of the patients own self-esteem. This aim certainly calls for an analyst who truly thinks well enough of himself and his own goodness that he is not dependent upon the goodness and cooperativeness of the patient in order for such a positive self-perception to be confirmed, and in order for him to continue to function analytically. Discussion with Frances Tustin During one of my final conversations with Frances Tustin (1994), with whom I enjoyed a close personal and professional relationship for over a decade, we had the opportunity to discuss this distinction, which Bion makes between the manic defense of idealization and the healthy striving to be in contact with an object deserving of reverence and awe. Prior to this time, Tustin had never read nor had she been aware of the existence of this paper of Bions, which I chanced to bring to her attention in the following way. When we were together in England, just one month before her death, I knew that Frances had little time to live and I wanted to express to her in most explicit terms how much her work had affected me. I wished to do this partly out of my own need to show my gratitude toward her this one last time. However, I also felt the need to reassure her, since she seemed to be plagued by a fear that she had not contributed enough, that what she had contributed would soon be lost or forgotten, or that it would have no effect on anyone after her death. When I told Frances how profoundly she had helped and inspired me in my thinking and practice as an analyst, she demurred, as if she felt I was in danger of idealizing her. She said that I gave her much too much credit for [my] good work and hard-won success, and she heaped upon me many other compliments that, although sincere, left me feeling somewhat rejected. Suddenly I felt a headache coming on, and my good spirits faded. When Frances noticed my mood had changed, she asked what the trouble was. I was quite candid with her about what I had felt and about what had followed, and said that I hoped she would be more mindful of the way she handled peoples gratitude for and admiration of her. After recounting my experience and those of the patients discussed in this paper, we talked over how she herself had stressed the idea that the ecstasy of at-one-ment (Tustin 1981) could only be borne if it were adequately contained by the mother herself (p.224-6). In the most primitive states of mind, beauty is associated with moments of bodily completeness in which there is an experience of ecstatic fusion with the earth-mother (Tustin, 1981/1992). If left uncontained, such ecstasy might be experienced as a dangerous overflow of bodily excitement equated with a devastating sense of two-ness (p.106), too much to be borne in mind, perhaps disintegrating into a painful if not unbearable somatic agony. When the beautiful experience of at-one-ment is unable to be kept in mind, not only does it leak out and dissolve in its antithesis the ugly tantrum of two-ness but the baby is now doomed to an eternal despairing search for that ever-present auto-sensual bit needed to flesh out its exp erience of being. We went on to talk at length about the relationship of the experience of ecstasy to that of the beautiful mother refered to both by Meltzer (1988) and by Winnicott (1945), as well as about Bions ideas regarding reverence and awe. We both knew that I was having difficulty facing the impending loss of her friendship and support, and that I was chafing at the prospect of her death. However it seemed to us in that moment that even more salient was my need to secure in our last contact her aid in containing all of my love and gratitude for her. Some Conclusions In part, as a result of that last conversation with Tustin, I have arrived at the conclusion that the resolution of what Meltzer called the aesthetic conflict might be predicated, at least in part, upon the capacity of the mother to contain the babys reverence and awe of her, along with her own capacity for tolerating her babys hatred, envy, and terror of loss. This may prove clinically crucial when we consider the process of internalization or introjection by the patient of the analyst and his/her functioning which is essential to insure a successful treatment. It might be said that the apprehension of beauty (Meltzer 1988) is linked to the existence at the core of the inner sphere of the personality of a container, not just for our painful experiences, but for those joyful ones as well; a containing object with the capacity to endure not just our feelings of hatred toward the object (and therefore toward the self), but one that is enduring of and resonating with those loving feelings felt toward the perceived external object, one in which the capacity for realistic self-love and esteem are rooted. As Kahlil Gibran wisely wrote in The Prophet : And a poet said, Speak to us of Beauty. And he answered: Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide? And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech? (1923/1976, p. 74) It must not escape our awareness that our capacity to love and therefore to forgive ourselves depends largely upon the way in which our loving feelings have been dealt with, accepted, and validated by an other. It seems when all is said and done that we are limited in part in our capacity for self-esteem by the limitations of our parents capacity (and later our analysts) to contain and therefore confirm our feelings of reverence and awe. I believe that herein lie several technical implications of enormous import. For example, we must consider that if we interpret the patients genuine reverence and awe of us (when we are felt as truly good objects) as a defensive idealization (as if we were instead being experienced as bad objects) perhaps out of some rigidly inappropriate adherence to our theories we will fail in our function as a container (Bion, 1977b) for experiences of true goodness, and consequently this essential internal function will fail to develop in the patient. Instead, the Super ego (Bion 1962, p.97) will be augmented and its devastating effects intensified, where forgiveness and the striving for life might otherwise healthfully prevail. Additionally, the development of an enduring faith in the existence of goodness and beauty, with increasing hope for their apprehension, will be stultified. When hopefulness perishes, nagging doubts about the goodness of the object and therefore about the worthiness of the self perpetuate in spite of repeated proofs of such goodness and worthiness. Moreover, increased envy and defensive idealization will proliferate hyperbolically (Mitrani 1993). As analysts we need to realize that the degree of our awareness of our strengths and limitations, and the extent of our willingness and ability to consider, to accurately evaluate, and to acknowledge to ourselves the impact of the messages we send to the baby-in-the-analysand from the castle of our inner world are crucial factors in providing an emotional experience for the patient that serves to mend old wounds and facilitate new growth.

How to Write a Marketing Research Paper

How to Write a Marketing Research Paper The necessity of writing research papers is like a ghost persistently following the students in all of the educational establishments. There seems to be no way out except mastering the art of writing research papers which includes outlining, composing, and formatting. The need to write good research papers is quite common among marketing students as well as students in other fields of study. They face the process of researching and writing research papers for their studies in marketing at least several times in their academic career. If you are one of those poor souls, you have definitely to come face-to-face with the challenges of completing a research paper associated with your study of marketing. First of all you need to choose the topic for your future paper. The choice may be done at the suggestion of your scientific advisor or professor or by you, the author, based on your scientific preferences and interests. The topic selecting procedure should be followed by a careful review of the existing literature devoted to your marketing problem. It is almost impossible to be fresh and unique when selecting the topic, so you will need to settle for the fact that history repeats itself. This means that several marketing researchers have previously investigated the problem chosen by you. You will, of course, build upon their knowledge and do your best to incorporate the already existing works. Be sure to use only reliable sources (encyclopedias and solid scientific magazines etc.), rather than utilizing less than reputable resources. Once the literature review is completed, you are to state the purpose, problem and methodology for your proposed study. Depending on the purpose of your study, the methodology employed for Marketing research paper may vary. You are welcome to choose a wide range of research techniques (product or package evaluation, advertising research, win-loss evaluation etc.) as well as advanced analytics (choice modeling, sales forecasting) or data collection methodologies (tracking or online research etc.). The selected investigation method will lead you to forming the strategies of your research – first, ranking, and minor ones. General guidelines for the formatting of your marketing research paper may be provided by you tutor. The tutor will explain to you how the final paper should appear, which aspects are to be touched upon etc. Your paper will be greatly enhanced by the use of such visual aids as tables, charts, diagrams and so on. This will help to engage the reader in your findings and conclusions. The purposeful use of visuals will also lend your paper a scholarly feel. When the process of Marketing research paper composing comes to the finalizing stages, you are to proofread and spell-check your work carefully. The top-off procedure of â€Å"polishing† the paper needs thoroughness and attention. Do not be in a hurry; try to look at the paper with fresh eyes. This will make the process of reading your paper easier and more enjoyable for your intended audience if you manage to correct all the errors.

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Schemes

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Schemes Scheme is a term in classical rhetoric for any one of the figures of speech: a deviation from conventional word order. Here are examples of scheme in use by famous authors, as well as definitions from other texts: Examples and Observations Schemes include such devices as alliteration and assonance (that purposefully arrange sounds, as in The Leith police dismisseth us) and antithesis, chiasmus, climax, and anticlimax (that arrange words for effect, as in the cross-over phrasing One for all and all for one).(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)There is a theory dating back to classical times that rhetorical figures or schemes originated as forms of expression used naturally by people in states of extreme emotion (Brinton 1988:163), that they are, in fact, imitative of emotional states. . . . Thus, rhetorical figures of omission, unusual word order or repetition are held to be imitative of actual disturbances of language in emotional contexts, which, in turn, reflect feelings and emotional states such as anger, grief, indignation or consternation...Now while it is undoubtedly true that such schemes as aposiopesis (breaking off an utterance before it is completed), hyperbat on or repetition are frequently related to emotional states, it must also be realised that the whole reservoir of rhetorical schemes represents a system which provides a multitude of possibilities of expressing meanings, among which emotions form only one variety.  (Wolfgang G. Mà ¼ller, Iconicity and Rhetoric, The Motivated Sign, ed. by Olga Fischer and Max Nnny. John Benjamins, 2001) Functions of Schemes In addition to structuring reality, the schemes help writers organize and orchestrate their relationships with readers. As vehicles for social interaction, they can Signal the level of formality (high, middle, low) as well [as] local shifts across these levels;Control the emotional intensity of prosecranking it up here, ratcheting it down there;Showcase the writers wit and command over his or her medium;Enlist readers into collaborative relationships, inviting them to desire the completion of a pattern once they get its gist (Burke, Rhetoric of Motives 58-59).    (Chris Holcomb and M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Performing Prose: The Study and Practice of Style in Composition. SIU Press, 2010) Tropes and Schemes in The Garden of Eloquence [Henry] Peacham [in The Garden of Eloquence, 1577] divides his treatment of figurative language into tropes and schemes, the difference being that in the Trope there is a chaunge of signifycation, but not in the Scheme (sig. E1v). Tropes are further divided into tropes of words and sentences, and schemes are also divided into grammatical and rhetorical schemes. Grammatical schemes deviate from customs of speaking and writing and are subdivided into orthographical and syntactical schemes. Rhetorical schemes add distinction and doe take away the wearinesse of our common and dayly speach, and doe fashion a pleasant, sharpe, evident and gallant kinde of speaking, giving unto matters great strength, perspecuitie and grace (sig. H4v). Rhetorical schemes apply to words, sentences and amplification. (Grant M. Boswell, Henry Peacham. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 2010) Etymology From the Greek schema   , form, shape Pronunciation: SKEEM Also Known As: figure

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Case Study Example The climbs are segmented as ‘the express climb’, ‘the discovery climb’ and ‘the bridge climb’ (Bridgeclimb, n.d.). While doing so the company has also added many feathers to its cap. One such feat achieved by the company is to get its name enlisted in the Guinness book of world records for making most flags flown on the Sydney Bridge (Worldrecordsacademy, 2008). Market Market plays the most pivotal role for a company to successfully demeanor it business. Market consists of a cluster of users who exhibits some similar requirements and desires. In other words a market is set of possible buyers of a product and service (Allen, Macy & Hutchison, 2009, p.21). Therefore for a company to perform its operation effectively in the market place it needs to segment its intended market appropriately (Croft, 1994, p.1). In the context of Bridge climb Sydney their main market lies with the adventure tourism group. The market also lies with those persons who li ke elevation and high altitudes from the ground but not adventurous. The company also has its market scattered all over the world, as visitors from different part of the world arrives to experience it. Segmentation Market segmentation can be defined as the way by which the companies segments the market into various subgroups based on the similar characteristics of the consumer (Bose, 2004, p.513). There are many available alternatives for segmenting the market such as geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation and psychographic segmentation among many others. These day’s companies design their goods and services based on the needs of consumers. Therefore marketing segmentation and market targeting is considered as an essential and central element of marketing activities (Kamakura & Wedel, 2000, p.3). The concept of marketing segmentation helps in understanding the needs of consumers more effectively than its competitors. However on the other hand market targeting is ba sed upon the segmentation and its decision to cater to that segment (Clemente, 2002, p.253). Therefore in the context of the company, segmentation can be done on the basis of geography i.e. the location of the consumers. The geographical segmentation can be used for segmenting the tourist from different countries and accordingly offering products and prices for them. The customers which exhibit adventurous and exploration attitudes are one of the major segments of the company. Apart from that bases of segmentation the company can even undergo niche market segmentation strategy for segmenting the market. This will also reduce the number of competitors for the company. Now according to the services offered by the company the segmentation can be regular visitors, adventurous visitors. The company needs to target adventurous travelers who will surely avail the opportunities. For adventurous travelers the company can cater them by offering ‘discovery climb’ and ‘bridge climb’. These ultimate climbs will surely satisfy the needs of those customers. And for targeting the regular visitors the company can make use of ‘express climb’, which is also conducted in a short period. Therefore the market can be segmented into regular and adventurous visitors. Some of the strategies which can be undertaken by the company for targeting adventurous customer group are as follows:- Product Strategy: - A product strategy is a pivotal function of the company. It resides at the heart of a company’

Geology of Venezuela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geology of Venezuela - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Angel Falls is an important geographical landmark of Venezuela since it ranks as the largest waterfall worldwide. Another geographical feature like Lake Maracaibo in South America is found in Venezuela. Archeologists also carried out studies and found that Venezuela has the oldest rocks in the world (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). Nonetheless, the rich biodiversity finds its basis from the tropical climate that favors many wildlife habitats like mountains, plains, and islands. Venezuela’s geographical features explain its importance to tourism activities (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). Apart from one of the longest rivers in the continent, the countrys coastline is the longest along the Caribbean region. Natural resource wise, Venezuela is rich in oil reserves as well as natural gas. Studies show that Venezuela’s oil reserves are some of the largest in the world. In 2011 for instance, the country’s government confirmed that Venezuela has a lot of petroleum reserves above significant oil reserves of the Middle East Delta (Miller, Vandome, & Mcbrewer, 2009). Oil reserves also exist along the Orinoco River in the form of oil sands as conventional form of oil reserves. In terms of biodiversity, the country is among the top 20 high-diverse countries in the world. An outstanding 40% of the country is protected areas (Silvano, 2008). Therefore, research seeks to discuss some of the natural resources present in Venezuela as well as geogr aphical features that add to the importance of the country to the South American continent. Venezuela has the largest oil reserves in the West Hemisphere (Silvano, 2008). As at 2011, the country’s oil reserves were valued at 297.6 barrels activities (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). Some of the economically important natural resources in Venezuela include natural gas and petroleum. Mining of these natural resources accounts for a good percentage of the countrys GDP. On the other

Self-Esteem and Child Development Essay Example for Free

Self-Esteem and Child Development Essay Please post questions and answers on the Module Two discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at minimum of one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion question is worth 5 points. Use the rubric to guide you. Module Two: Discussion Questions 1. What role do you think discipline plays in developing a child’s self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the child or adolescent? -I think discipline plays an importing role in developing a child’s self-esteem. It determines the way children collaborates with the public and their effects to what may happen to the child depending on the way they were disciplined as a minor. For example, punishing to harsh can scar them for life and they can grow with a low self-esteem and not giving them enough punishment can make them into children’s that doesn’t obey their parents and wanting to do whatever they want. 2. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or sports, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. Provide at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer. -Children that are in sports, clubs etc. are more likely to have a high self-esteem because self-esteem usually comes from accomplishments and success. Such as basketball players working hard on different techniques on how to win a game that takes time, effort, and determination. But after that big win, the trophies, the crowds going wild it puts the child on top making them trilled over what they have accomplished. Also being involved in a debate club gives you that boost of excitement knowing that whatever your thinking is being heard and your knowledge is being shared , after winning versus someone else gives you the high self-esteem because you just accomplished a great self-achievement.

India Risk Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Global investors, markets, and foreign governments are often held responsible by their citizens or shareholders to ensure the potential is measured against the risks when investing. In recent years the strength of India on the global market has continued to show signs of political and economical growth that makes regions in India attractive investments by various markets. India has taken steps to recognize these opportunities to gain Foreign Direct Investment by realigning government policy towards new business potential. Such potential is often marked by â€Å"it’s too good to be true† as global investors determine the risk through in depth analysis of regions around the world and much like team A has outlined for Kerala, India. Foreign Trade and Investment Investment in India has increased significantly since the 2001 Indian Government’s approval of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reform. In mid-year meetings of 2001, the Government liberalized the restrictions on FDI into India in select industries. The infrastructure of the Indian Government is increasingly interested and actively pursuing FDI from countries such as the United States. India is currently offering automatic business approvals for new businesses that have an initial investment of 100% foreign capital in industries that are considered tourism based. (Indian Embassy, 2001) According to the 2001 guidelines issued under section 4 (iv.), Businesses that are considered to be â€Å"commercial premises, hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which qualify for up to100% FDI. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to India amounting to US$4.06 billion were received during the financial year 2001-2002, with $2.46 billion (USD) received from the U.S. just in 2000-01 alone. This marked a 66% increase from the previous year. According to FDI Magazine, India was the number 3 recipient of FDI from January of 2002 to June of 2004. India had a total of 41 Foreign Direct Investment projects, beaten only by the United Kingdom with 53 and China with 54. FDI Magazine shares this observation: â€Å"Noticeable among the results for the second quarter is the rise of China to become the number one destination for foreign investment by number of projects. However, perhaps more significant is the increase in the number of projects heading for India, up over 77% year on year while the jobs creat... ...he World Wide Web at the University of Phoenix Library February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://80-online.culturegrams.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/secure/world/world_country.php?contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=75&cn=India No author. N.D. Retrieved from the World Wide Web February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.country-studies.com/india/labor.html Singh, G. (2005, February 26). India has just 4% share of Asia media spend. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [ProQuest]. Pg.1. University of Phoenix Online Collection. Available: http://proquest.umi.com: (2005, March 1). The Economist. Retrieved on February 27, 2005 from: http://www.economist.com/countries/India/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political%20Forces The Economy Watch website provides current economical and financial news for most foreign entities at http://www.economywatch.com/ The International Trade Reporter website provides trade laws and regulations for most foreign entities at http://www.bna.com/itr/index.html U.S. Department of State; Kerala-Republic of India; United States Department of State, Public Domain; Accessed 18Feb2005 at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/3797.htm India Risk Analysis Essay -- essays research papers Global investors, markets, and foreign governments are often held responsible by their citizens or shareholders to ensure the potential is measured against the risks when investing. In recent years the strength of India on the global market has continued to show signs of political and economical growth that makes regions in India attractive investments by various markets. India has taken steps to recognize these opportunities to gain Foreign Direct Investment by realigning government policy towards new business potential. Such potential is often marked by â€Å"it’s too good to be true† as global investors determine the risk through in depth analysis of regions around the world and much like team A has outlined for Kerala, India. Foreign Trade and Investment Investment in India has increased significantly since the 2001 Indian Government’s approval of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reform. In mid-year meetings of 2001, the Government liberalized the restrictions on FDI into India in select industries. The infrastructure of the Indian Government is increasingly interested and actively pursuing FDI from countries such as the United States. India is currently offering automatic business approvals for new businesses that have an initial investment of 100% foreign capital in industries that are considered tourism based. (Indian Embassy, 2001) According to the 2001 guidelines issued under section 4 (iv.), Businesses that are considered to be â€Å"commercial premises, hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which qualify for up to100% FDI. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to India amounting to US$4.06 billion were received during the financial year 2001-2002, with $2.46 billion (USD) received from the U.S. just in 2000-01 alone. This marked a 66% increase from the previous year. According to FDI Magazine, India was the number 3 recipient of FDI from January of 2002 to June of 2004. India had a total of 41 Foreign Direct Investment projects, beaten only by the United Kingdom with 53 and China with 54. FDI Magazine shares this observation: â€Å"Noticeable among the results for the second quarter is the rise of China to become the number one destination for foreign investment by number of projects. However, perhaps more significant is the increase in the number of projects heading for India, up over 77% year on year while the jobs creat... ...he World Wide Web at the University of Phoenix Library February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://80-online.culturegrams.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/secure/world/world_country.php?contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=75&cn=India No author. N.D. Retrieved from the World Wide Web February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.country-studies.com/india/labor.html Singh, G. (2005, February 26). India has just 4% share of Asia media spend. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [ProQuest]. Pg.1. University of Phoenix Online Collection. Available: http://proquest.umi.com: (2005, March 1). The Economist. Retrieved on February 27, 2005 from: http://www.economist.com/countries/India/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political%20Forces The Economy Watch website provides current economical and financial news for most foreign entities at http://www.economywatch.com/ The International Trade Reporter website provides trade laws and regulations for most foreign entities at http://www.bna.com/itr/index.html U.S. Department of State; Kerala-Republic of India; United States Department of State, Public Domain; Accessed 18Feb2005 at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/3797.htm

Liminality in Dracula Essay

History has taught us that rebelling against your people or religion almost always results in displeasure, as the members of the community usually frown upon it. Throughout the novel Each Man’s Son by Hugh MacLennan, there are two themes which are linked to this topic of defying your origins, though never plainly affirmed: the Celtic identity and the Puritanical predestination-like values. Not conforming to these ways of life demonstrates two themes at which Archie the fighter and Ainslie the dreamer display: the attempt to foster new values will doom you to failure and resisting your religion will only let you yearn for escape but haunt you forever. This paper, will first analyze the meaning of these two themes; second show that Archie fights against the Celtic identity and that Ainslie tries to escape the Puritanical values. First, it is suitable to grasp onto these concepts with the history from the novel concerning the Celtics and the Puritans since it frames the foundational richness of the story. In Each Man’s Son the symbolic references on the history concerning the Celtic identity is manifested as â€Å"a Homeric people† in ultimate solitude, which proves to be symbolic due to the fact that it ties meaning to the Highland people as a â€Å"desperate and poetic/race of hunters, shepherds and warriors† (MacLennan 1, 2). The novel is full of richness, which provides ironic information about the people: who were found â€Å"older than France† with â€Å"no organization† (MacLennan 25-5). This characteristic given to the men of Cape Breton is highly relevant to the plot as Archie choses to literally fight the regulatory social norms of the Celtic identity when he follows his dreams to become an American boxer. In the novel, the Celtic identity is in direct conflict with Puritan values within certain characters, especially Ainslie. Presbyterians note that they â€Å"live and die under the wrath of an arbitrary God who will forgive only a handful of His elect on the Day of Judgment† (MacLennan 2). The value of the quote symbolizes an underlining view on the Puritan religion as it describes how the Calvinists must live a basic life in order to be resurrected with eternal life. In the Bible, which Puritans follow unfailingly, it is written, â€Å"you must be born from above† meaning that you must have â€Å"been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father† (John 3:7, 1 Peter 1:2 NIV). Furthermore, religion takes a crowning importance in the novel as it acts as the basic yet powerful feature of the story. Numerous characters struggle to adopt their identity, namely Doctor Ainslie for he attempts to darken his religious distinctiveness. The lacing of the Celtic identity and the Puritan religion represents tension, which Archie the fighter and Ainslie the dreamer must overcome. Second, Archie is a clear example of a character who conflicts with the Celtic identity because although he is acclaimed as the â€Å"bravest man in Cape Breton†, â€Å"fierce and unpredictable†, unlike the flock of people, he was a â€Å"hero whom nobody understood and everyone admired†; unfortunately, he is also destined to fail (MacLennan 12-8-6). â€Å"Archie is a hero† with grandiose â€Å"physical strength† who was loved â€Å"because he was giving significance, even a crude beauty, to the clumsy courage they all felt in themselves† (MacLennan 19-9). Generally Celtics feel that destiny works against them; they feel that luck must have been against them. This illustrates that the repercussion of rebelling against the Celtic identity is absolutely forbidden. The Celtic character is normally condemned to a life of simplicity, total depravity and unconditional fellowship of God and as Archie ventures the unknown he distorts the norm. Animalistic Archie emphasizes that some men will â€Å"live their whole lives like oxes and cows† and that he is â€Å"not one of them† this statement, in other words, means that Archie does not intend on living a reclusive life as he fully intends on going out into the world, in spite of the consequences, to create a new life for himself and his family. He had â€Å"left his home to find wider opportunities in the United States† (MacLennan 3). Ironically, as Archie attempts to make money and follow his dream of becoming a boxer he refuses to obey the Celtic norm and is doomed to fail; he is left defeated by his embedded Celtic identity. The final character, which shows prominent struggles, concerning following norms is Ainslie: the dreamer. This is due to the fact that he is resistant to his Puritan religion, which leaves him yearning for an escape from societal pressures. Quite like Archie, Ainslie is also hopeless, yet in different matters: his religion haunts him not only consciously but also unconsciously in dreams as he is disturbed by religious stories. Traditionally, Puritans live a life in profound guilt, constant criticism and austerity because they believe in predestination at which God has chosen the elect to enter heaven. Though he is living in the pressures of this community he continuously denies his belief in God however it is hard to believe that he is a nonbeliever for he continuously shows signs of religious identity. Ainslie craves for a purpose in his life, an attainable goal a dream to escape this community, yet as the novel unfolds he is left haunted forever by his religious mental state. Ironically, because of the fact that he resists his religion and yearns for an escape, he will be left him undeniably haunted forever. In summary, historical details, Archie and Ainslie in Each Man’s Son emphasize conflicts between the Celtic identity and the Puritan religion. Contrasting the two characters, I find it much more rewarding to explore who you are and discover your identity instead of fighting or denying it because then you will not become a failure or be tormented by it. Unlike Archie and Ainslie, I had opportunities to participate in accomplishments that have given me a positive understanding of my identity while I was growing up, which undeniably shaped who I am today. Works Cited MacLennan, Hugh. Each Man’s Son. Toronto: The New Canadian Library, 2003. Print. New International Version Holy Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986. Print.

The Lack Of Cultural Diversity In Small Towns

People in various parts of the world differ in certain hereditary features, including the color of their skin, the texture of their hair, their facial features, their stature, and the shape of their heads. But by the same token, the features that humans everywhere share are substantially larger and of considerably greater importance than their differences. The disparities between blacks and whites are not virtually as remarkable as between carnivores and humans. But physical distinctions, such as a handicap or race, become strengthened by societal insights, which consequently generate bigger spaces between people (Carbaugh, 1990).Most people belong to a number of groups, some voluntary, some by birth, adoption, or selection into those groups. Salient groups, the ones we consciously value, provide a source of identity. Structurally, these are microcultures or co-cultures within a macroculture. A person might identify an elderly microculture, a cowboy microculture, an Appalachian micro culture, or a volunteer association microculture. Each group exhibits some similarities to the large culture, but also some differences (Locke and Stern, 1942).Within the United States, blacks, Hispanics, Indians, Asian-Americans, and Jews have been the victims of prejudice and discrimination. Throughout much of the nations’ history, they have been confined to subordinate statuses that have not been justified by their individual abilities and talents (Frazier, 1957). The conceptual baggage we often carry with us, such as stereotypes of other racial groups, can easily blind us to the fact that, in many instancesm few significant differences exist between two people.Real cultural differences do not always exist beyond ethnicity and race, In a diverse society, we simply magnify the immediate through stereotypes (Frazier, 1957). The great merit of culture is that it permits human beings to circumvent the slowness of genetic evolution. Behavior patterns that are wired into organis ms by their genes do not allow rapid adaptation to changing conditions. In contrast, cultural change can be rapid. Indeed, some social scientists contend that cultural evolution has swamped biological evoulution as the chief source of behavior change for human beings.The functioning of the human brain is no longer rapidly prescribed by genetic programs (Locke and Stern, 1942). Instead, genes have allowed the construction of a liberated brain, one that permits a flexible repertoire of responses. The more culture human beings have acquired, the more biological capacity for culture has then evolved, leading to more culture, and so on. The fact that culture has increasingly usurped nature as the primary moving force in human development has implications for cultural unity and diversity (Locke and Stern, 1942). Cultural diversity may also be found within a society.In many modern nations, the members of some groups participate in the main culture of the society while simulatenously sharin g with one another a number of unique values, norms, traditions, and lifestyles. These distinctive cultural patterns are termed a subculture. Subcultures abound in American life, and find expression in various religious, racial, ethnic, occupational, and age groups (Locke and Stern, 1942). Generally, when we communicate with members of our own culture, we have internalized the cultural rules that govern the behavior within the context, and we are able to communicate without giving much thought to those rules.But when we are engaged in intercultural encounters, we must be aware of how our culture influences the communication context; otherwise, we may stumble upon a variety of surprises (Castro, 2003). Obviously, there are large global regions and national cultures that are structurally and organically bound together in a social system where people have developed a cultural network. Examples include what might be globally described as North American culture, Latin American culture, A frican culture, Middle Eastern culture, European culture, and Asian culture.These global differences, marked by geopolitical factors and national identity, fit into the study of culture influence on diversity (Harris and Moran, 1979). Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of a multicultural society, though, is the form of acculturation used. There are three processes through which disparities between the dominant culture and minority cultures can be treated (Castro, 2003). The first of these, assimilation, is a unilateral process by which minority culture members adopt the norms and values of the dominant group in the society (Harris and Moran, 1979).The second, cultural separatism, is a situation where there is little adaptation on either side. Finally, pluralism is a process by which both minority and majority culture members adopt some norms of the other group. Perhaps, the pluralistic form of acculturation is the defining feature of a multicultural society. It is only t hrough pluralism that members of any society can come to understand and truly value cultural and gender diversity (Harris and Moran, 1979). A shared cultural background makes people feel more comfortable with other people from their own culture.Many people initially may feel confused and uneasy when they deal with people of another culture. The discomfort that people often feel when they have contact with an unfamiliar culture is called culture shock. Culture shock usually passes if a person stays in a new culture long enough to understand it and get used to its ways (Lambert and Taylor, 1990). Immigrants need to cope with the cultural changes brought about by continuous firsthand contact with another culture. One of the chief characteristics of the acculturation process is that elements of the original culture can never be completely erased.An awareness of American culture along with examples of contrasting cultures contributes to the individual’s understanding of her- or hi mself as a cultural being (Chiswick, 1982). The Old Order Amish are a case in point. The Amish are a religious sect that originated in Germany and Switzerland during the reformaiton conflicts of the sixteenth century. Because of religious persecution, many Amish families live on farms, although a minority work in skilled crafts like carpentry, furniture-makingm and blacksmithing.They believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible and turn their backs on modern standards of dress, â€Å"progressive† morality, â€Å"worldly† amusement, automobiles, and higher education. Above all, the Amish value hard physical work and believe that those who do not find joy in work are somehow abnormal. Far from being ashamed of their nonconformity to worldly standards, the Amish pride themselves on being a peculiar people who separate themselves from the world (Castro, 2003).Within the American society, there exist many subcultures, or ways of life that differ from one another in many important respects. Some of these subcultures exist partly because the nation has been settled over the years by people from many different parts of the world, bringing with them their own particular customs and values. Whatever the customs and rules may be, every culture and every subculture molds the settlers accordingly (Harris and Moran, 1979). Learning how to be open and flexible helps facilitate strangers’ adaptation by enabling them to endure stressful challenges and maximize learning.Openness implies the immigrant’s willingness to accept change and exposure to new ideas (Chavez, 2001). Flexibility also means that communicatively competent immigrants develop a repertoire of interpersonal tactics. As sociologist Foster put in an analogy, â€Å"the better international negotiators are ultimately pragmatic. They are not oaks; rather they are more like willows. Unable to predict every situation, every twist and turn, even in domestic situation, they know that it i s nearly impossible to do so in a cross-cultural one† (Locke and Stern, 1942).The immigrant’s efforts at being adaptable will be greatly facilitated if he or she learns how to tolerate a degree of ambiguity while trying to analyze what role to play. The intercultural encounter is full of potential ambiguity. The ability to react to new and ambiguous situations with minimal discomfort has long been thought to be an important asset when adjusting to a new culture. If the immigrant is self-conscious, tense, and anxious when confronted with the unknown, he is apt to use his energy to alleviate his frustration instead of trying to decide how best to adapt to the person and situation (Locke and Stern, 1942).Some non-Hispanics in the United States fear that the country's rapidly growing Hispanic population will not adopt the language, customs, and viewpoint of the dominant, English-speaking culture. Some of these people fear that their way of life will be replaced by the †Å"foreign ways† of Hispanic Americans (Sanchez, 1995). Others worry that a large Spanish-speaking minority will become a permanent underclass, locked out of economic advancement by a lack of fluency in English. Many historians and sociologists discount such fears. They point to the many immigrant groups that have become part of American culture.They also note that except for recent immigrants, most Hispanic Americans can speak English (Hinkle, 1994). No society is so isolated that it does not come in contact with other societies. When contact occurs, societies borrow cultural traits from one another. As a result, cultural traits and patterns tend to spread from the society in which they originated (Chavez, 2001). It seems logical therefore that a change in an attitude, caused by new beliefs or new emotional responses, should a cause a change in behavior. Yet, the sequence of events is often exactly the opposite.In many cases, the change in behavior comes first, and this new be havior creates the change in attitude (Locke and Stern, 1942). New social situations often push the immigrants in the direction of changes in behavior, and these in turn often lead to changes in attitudes. This has been especially noticeable in recent years in the attitudes of whites toward blacks and of blacks toward whites. In general, it has been found that people who have worked with members of the other race hold more favorable attitudes, while those who have had no interracial contacts tend to feel less favorable.Undoubtedly, the explanation is that new forms of behavior have produced attitude changes (Chavez, 2001). At times, the norms, values, and lifestyles of a subculture are substantially at odds with those of the larger society and constitute a counterculture. A counterculture rejects many of the behavioral standrads and guideposts that hold in the dominant culture. The hangloose orientation found among some youth in the early 1970s had a good many countercultural overto nes.The young people questioned the legitimacy of the Establishment, rejected the hard-work ethic of their elders, turned to drugs in a search for new experiences, and dropped out of middle-class life. Controversy surrounding youthful involvement in the hangloose counterculture resurfaced in the late 1980s when Judge Douglas H, Ginsburg was compelled to withdraw as a Supreme Court nominee after it was disclosed that he had used marijuana as a youthl the debate widened when Democratic presidential contenders Senator Albert Gore, Jr. , and Bruce Babbitt admitted that they too had used marijuana in te 1960s. Delinquent gangs, Satanic cults, and the survivalist right are other illustrations of counterculture groups (Hinkle, 1994).People of one culture who move to a country where another culture dominates may give up their old ways and become part of the dominant culture. The process by which they do this is called assimilation. Through assimilation, a minority group eventually disappear s because its members lose the cultural characteristics that set them apart.Assimilation is the process through which one social and cultural group becomes part of another social and cultural group (Locke and Stern, 1942). In a diverse society, dominant groups and minority groups often approach assimilation differently. Within the United States, two views toward assimilation have dominated. One, the melting pot tradition, has seen assimilation as a process whereby peoples and cultures would fuse within the nation to produce a new people and a new civilization.The other, the Americanization tradition, has viewed American culture as an essentially finished product on the Anglo-Saxon pattern, and has insisted that immigrants promptly give up their cultural traits for those of the dominant American group (Hinkle, 1994). To sum it up, recognition of multiculturalism and cultural diversity are key to developing a climate of a healthy relationship and respect among the peoples. While racia l anxieties exist in modern society, the sundry peoples may blend merely with others of common cultural upbringing.Works Cited Carbaugh, Donal. Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. Castro, Vanessa Smith. Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation. Greenwood Press, 2003. Chavez, Leo R. Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. University of California Press, 2001. Chiswick, Barry R. The Gateway: U. S. Immigration Issues and Policies. American Enterprise Institute, 1982. Frazier, Franklin. Race and Culture Contacts in the Modern World. Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, 1957.Harris, Philip R.and Moran, Robert T. Managing Cultural Differences. Texas: Gulf Publishing, 1979. Hinkle, Gisela J. The Development of Modern Sociology: Its Nature and Growth in the United States. Random House, 1994. Lambert, Wallace E. and Donald M. Taylor. Coping with Cultural and Racial Diversity in Urban America. Praeger Publishers, 1990. Loc ke, Alain and Bernhard J. Stern. When Peoples Meet: A Study in Race and Culture Contacts. Progressive Education Association, 1942. Saney, Parviz. Crime and Culture in America: A Comparative Perspective. Greenwood Press, 2000.

How Teachers Should Rethink the Summer Work Packet

How Teachers Should Rethink the Summer Work Packet Simply stated: Summer vacation has a negative impact on academic performance. In the book  Influences And Effect Sizes Related To Student Achievement  (updated 2016) by John Hattie and Greg Yates,  39 studies  were used  to rank the effect of summer vacation on student achievement. The findings using this data  are posted on the  Visible Learning  website. They noted that  summer vacation has one of the greatest negative effects (  -.02 effect) on student learning. To combat this negative impact, many teachers in middle and high schools are encouraged to create discipline-specific summer assignment packets. These packets are an attempt to equalize academic practice for all students during summer  vacation. The summer assignment packets that teachers distribute at the end of a school year are designed for students to practice  a few hours every week  throughout the summer. What happens in reality, however, is that completing the summer packet often turns into a  contentious activity. Students may wait until the last possible moment to do schoolwork or lose the packet entirely. Additionally, depending on the grade level, subject, or teacher, summer work packets vary in quality, length, and intensity. Examples of high school summer assignments on the Internet vary from two pages of geometry that can be completed online to  22 pages of geometry problems that must be downloaded to complete. Multiple Advanced Placement courses, such as AP English Literature, show the disparity in summer assignments with some schools offering a choice (Read three novels from this list) to a required five novels matched with pages and pages of worksheets. There is no standardized summer assignment packet for middle and high schools. Who Complains About Summer Assignment Packets? Complaints against the assigned summer work packets come from each of the stakeholders: parents, teachers, and students. Their complaints are understandable. Parents may  argue for freedom from summer assignment packets suggesting that â€Å"My child needs a break,† or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why must we do this to students every summer?† or This is more work for me than for my child! Teachers are not happy to begin the school year with a pile of summer assignment papers to grade. Despite their best intentions in creating the packets, they do not want to start the year collecting or chasing students for summer assignment work.   Harris Cooper,  chairman of the department of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University, addressed these  concerns in his brief essay Forgotten on Vacation. His response was featured in  an editorial debate in the New York Times titled  The Crush of Summer Homework  in which several prominent educators were asked their opinions on summer assignments. Cooper was one who chose to respond as to how parents can meet the demands of the summer assignment packet: Parents, if the assignments are clear and reasonable, support the teachers. When your child says I’m bored (what parent hasn’t heard this on a rainy summer day?) suggest they work on an assignment. He also responded to the concerns of teachers: My advice? Teachers, you need to be careful about what and how much summer homework you assign. Summer homework shouldn’t be expected to overcome a student’s learning deficits; that’s what summer school is for. However, in another response, What Low Achievers Need,  Tyrone Howard, associate professor at the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, suggested that summer assignment packets do not work. He offered an alternative to the summer assignment packet:   A better approach than homework is to have more intensive, small learning community-type summer school programs that last four to six weeks. Many educators who contributed to the NY Times debate   The Crush of Summer Homework  viewed summer assignments as  a measure of accountability or student responsibility rather than an academic practice. They argued that many of the students who do not complete homework assignments as academic practice during the school year are unlikely to complete summer assignments. Missing or incomplete work is reflected in student grades, and missing or incomplete summer assignments can damage a students grade point average (GPA). For example, some of the summer work assignments posted for high school students on the Internet include warnings, such as: Certain mathematical practice packets may take more than one day to complete. Dont wait until the last minute!The teacher will personally consult with the student and/or parent if  the student does not hand in the summer work packet on the first day of class.This work will be 3% of your first quarter grade. 10 points will be deducted for each day it is late. Seeing the impact on a students GPA for incomplete or missing summer work, many educators argue, If teachers cannot get students to turn in homework during the school year, especially when they see them every day, what is the chance that these summer work assignments will be completed? Student Complaints But  students are the  most vocal group arguing against the summer assignment packet.    The question  Should students be given summer homework?  was featured on  Ã‚  Debate.org.   18% Students say Yes to summer assignments82% Students say No  to summer assignments Comments from the debate arguing against summer assignments included: Summer homework takes around 3 days and it feels like the whole summer  (7th grade student).Mostly summer homework is just a review so you dont really learn anything. Im going into 8th grade and Im not learning anything its all a review for me.If a student really wants to learn, they will do extra work, without it being assigned.The homework should just be suggestions, to stop students from stressing out over work that probably wont even be checked. In contrast, there were some students who saw value in summer assignments, but most of these comments reflected the attitudes of students who already expected additional work from their advanced level classes. I, for example, am going to be enrolling in an Advanced Literature course next year and have been assigned two books to read this summer, an essay to write... this pushes me to find out more information about the subject matter that will be in the course. While students who take the advanced level (Advanced Placement, honors,  International Baccalaureate, or college credit courses) like the one above fully expect to engage in an academic practice, there are other students who do not see the importance keeping their academic skills sharp.  While a summer packet is designed to help all students, regardless of ability, the  student who may not complete the work may be the very student who most needs the practice. No Buy-in from Students In an interview posted on Great Schools,  Denise Pope, senior lecturer at the Stanford University School of Education and co-founder of  Challenge Success, a research, and student-intervention project, agrees that the months off for summer vacation is too long a time for students to not do anything, but she expressed concern stating  I’m not sure this idea of giving workbooks and pages and pages of handouts works.†Ã‚  Her reason for why summer assignments may not work?  No student buy-in: â€Å"In order for any learning to be retained, there has to be engagement on the part of the students.† She explained that students must be intrinsically motivated to complete the systematic practice that is designed for the summer assignments. Without student motivation, an adult must monitor the work, which according to Pope, puts a burden more on the parents.† What Does Work? Reading! One of the best research-based recommendations for summer assignments is to assign reading. Rather than spending the time to create and then grade a summer assignment packet that may or may not be done at all, educators should be encouraged to assign reading. This reading can be discipline specific, but by far, the best way to have students maintain academic skills during the summer-at every grade level- is to encourage their motivation to read. Offering students choice  in reading can improve their motivation and participation. In a meta-analysis titled  Reading Takes You Places: A Study of a Web-based Summer Reading Program,  Ya-Ling Lu, and Carol Gordon recorded ways that student choice in reading increased engagement which led to improved academic achievement. In the study the traditionally required reading lists of classics were replaced with   recommendations based on several of the following  research-based guidelines: 1. People who say they read more read better (Krashen 2004), therefore the primary purpose of the [summer] program is to encourage students to read more.2. In order to encourage students to read more, the primary purpose of summer reading is reading for fun rather than for academic purposes.3. Student choice is an important element in reading engagement (Schraw et al. 1998) including the choice to pursue personal reading interests.4. Materials and materials access can be Web-based (Note:  92% of teens report going online daily - including 24% who say they go online â€Å"almost constantly,† Pew  Research Center) The results showed an increase in student motivation and engagement, leading to improved academic performance. Summer Packets vs. Reading Despite the research  that proves motivation and systemic practice must be in place for summer assignment packets to help the student,  many teachers, particularly at the middle and high school levels, will still assign summer work packets. Their time and effort, however, may be better spent assigning reading in their content area, and where possible, offering student choice in reading. While summer vacation allows students to have time to play and to relax, why  not encourage students to practice over the summer the kind of academic practice that reinforces a life-long critical skill, the skill of reading? Additional Research on Summer Reading: Allington, Richard.  Summer Reading: Closing the Rich/Poor Reading Achievement Gap.  NY:  Teachers College Press, 2012. Fairchild, Ron. Summer: A Season When Learning is Essential. Afterschool Alliance. Center for Summer Learning. 2008. Web. afterschoolalliance.org/issue_briefs/issue_summer_33.pdf Kim, Jimmy. â€Å"Summer Reading and the Ethnic Achievement Gap.† Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR). 2004. Web. ala.org/research/librariesmatter/node/161 Krashen, Stephen. Free Reading. Pasco School District. School Library Journal. 2006. Web. psd1.org/cms/lib4/WA01001055/centricity/domain/34/admin/free reading (2).pdf National Summer Learning Association. n.d.  summerlearning.org/about-nsla/ Report of the National Reading Panel: Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas.† National Institute of Health. 2006. Web. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/nrp/Pages/findings.aspx

Olympic Country Codes

Olympic Country Codes Each country has its three-letter abbreviation or code that is used during The Olympic Games to represent that country. The following is a list of the 204 countries that are recognized by the  IOC (International Olympic Committee) as National Olympic Committees. An asterisk (*) indicates a territory and not an  independent country; a listing of the independent countries of the world is available. Three-Letter Olympic Country Abbreviations Afghanistan - AFGAlbania - ALBAlgeria - ALGAmerican Samoa* - ASAAndorra - ANDAngola - ANGAntigua and Barbuda - ANTArgentina - ARGArmenia - ARMAruba* - ARUAustralia - AUSAustria - AUTAzerbaijan - AZEThe Bahamas - BAHBahrain - BRNBangladesh - BANBarbados - BARBelarus - BLRBelgium - BELBelize - BIZBermuda* - BERBenin - BENBhutan - BHUBolivia - BOLBosnia and Herzegovina - BIHBotswana - BOTBrazil - BRAThe British Virgin Islands* - IVBBrunei - BRUBulgaria - BULBurkina Faso - BURBurundi - BDICambodia - CAMCameroon - CMRCanada - CANCape Verde - CPVCayman Islands* - CAYCentral African Republic - CAFChad - CHAChile - CHIChina - CHNColombia - COLComoros - COMCongo, Republic of the - CGOCongo, Democratic Republic of the - CODThe Cook Islands* - COKCosta Rica - CRCCote dIvoire - CIVCroatia - CROCuba - CUBCyprus - CYPCzech Republic - CZEDenmark - DENDjibouti - DJIDominica - DMAThe Dominican Republic - DOMEast Timor (Timor-Leste) - TLSEcuador - ECUEgypt - EGYEl Salvador - ESAEquatorial Guinea - GEQ Eritrea - ERI Estonia - ESTEthiopia - ETHFiji - FIJFinland - FINFrance - FRAGabon - GABThe Gambia - GAMGeorgia - GEOGermany - GERGhana - GHAGreece - GREGrenada - GRNGuam* - GUMGuatemala - GUAGuinea - GUIGuinea-Bissau - GBSGuyana - GUYHaiti - HAIHonduras - HONHong Kong* - HKGHungary - HUNIceland - ISLIndia - INDIndonesia - INAIran - IRIIraq - IRQIreland - IRLIsrael - ISRItaly - ITAJamaica - JAMJapan - JPNJordan - JORKazakhstan - KAZKenya - KENKiribati - KIRKorea, North (PDR of Korea) - PRKKorea, South - KORKuwait - KUWKyrgyzstan - KGZLaos - LAOLatvia - LATLebanon - LIBLesotho - LESLiberia - LBRLibya - LBALiechtenstein - LIELithuania - LTULuxembourg - LUXMacedonia - MKD (Officially: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)Madagascar - MADMalawi - MAWMalaysia - MASThe Maldives - MDVMali - MLIMalta - MLTMarshall Islands - MHLMauritania - MTNMauritius - MRIMexico - MEXFederated States of Micronesia - FSMMoldova - MDAMonaco - MONMongolia - MGLMontenegro - MNEMorocco - MARMozambique - MOZMyanmar (Burma) - MYA Namibia - NAMNauru - NRUNepal - NEPNetherlands - NEDNew Zealand - NZLNicaragua - NCANiger - NIGNigeria - NGRNorway - NOROman - OMAPakistan - PAKPalau - PLWPalestine* - PLEPanama - PANPapua New Guinea - PNGParaguay - PARPeru - PERPhilippines - PHIPoland - POLPortugal - PORPuerto Rico* - PURQatar - QATRomania - ROURussian Federation - RUSRwanda - RWASaint Kitts and Nevis - SKNSaint Lucia - LCASaint Vincent and the Grenadines - VINSamoa - SAMSan Marino - SMRSao Tome and Principe - STPSaudi Arabia - KSASenegal - SENSerbia - SRBSeychelles - SEYSierra Leone - SLESingapore - SINSlovakia - SVKSlovenia - SLOSolomon Islands - SOLSomalia - SOMSouth Africa - RSASpain - ESPSri Lanka - SRISudan - SUDSuriname - SURSwaziland - SWZSweden - SWESwitzerland - SUISyria - SYRTaiwan (Chinese Taipei) - TPETajikistan - TJKTanzania - TANThailand - THATogo - TOGTonga - TGATrinidad and Tobago - TRITunisia - TUNTurkey - TURTurkmenistan - TKMTuvalu - TUVUganda - UGAUkraine - UKRUnited Arab Emirates - UAEUnited Ki ngdom (Great Britain) - GBR United States - USAUruguay - URUUzbekistan - UZBVanuatu - VANVenezuela - VENVietnam - VIEVirgin Islands* - ISVYemen - YEMZambia - ZAMZimbabwe - ZIM Notes on the List The territory formerly known as Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was dissolved in 2010 and subsequently lost its status as an official National Olympic Committee in 2011. The Olympic Committee of Kosovo (OCK) was established in 2003 but as of this writing, remains unrecognized as a National Olympic Committee due to Serbias dispute over Kosovos independence.