Intellihuman Is A Fusion Technology Solution - 1405 Words

Introduction Intellihuman is an innovative and fascinating new solution which emphasizes on providing real time patient data, locality and monitoring range of vital statistics and subsequently relaying this information with a health care facility such as a hospital or clinic. In sense, intellihuman is the perfect collaboration of medical technology and Information Technology, providing the users with the best of both worlds. Intellihuman should be considers a giant leap involving these two fields as it is integral in the development of patient care over time utilizing every possible smart devices at our disposal. Intellihuman is a fusion technology solution between hardware/software which gives older medical equipment access to new software and its corresponding hardware upgrade and provides smart organization of patient records and services provided to them ultimately improving the whole experience. Its use in the medical field is virtually limitless. The board at intellihuman consists of veterans of both IT and medical fields guiding the main strategy of the company with ample experience in both areas. The goal is to grow with the established bio-medical businesses and keep up to date with the growing difficulty in providing cost effective care while maintaining or even increasing the overall efficiency. The other factor considered vigorously is protection and discretion of information that is retained on patients. The idea behind intellihuman is not automating the whole

Global Warming Is An Issue That Scientists And All People...

Many folks have heard of global warming which is also known as the Greenhouse effect, but don’t know if it’s real or not, well the answer is that it is real and hopefully by the end of reading this people will understand why. There are numerous thoughts about whether global warming is truly an issue that scientists and all people should be concerned with. Some people feel that climate change is not a threat at all, but at the same time others feel that global warming is a huge threat to people and to the environment. People have mixed feelings on whether global warming is truly a concern, while some also have disagreeing ideas when it comes to what degree the Earth is being affected by these changes. Many studies are being done to further†¦show more content†¦They are beginning to agree that global warming must be kept under control in order to avoid a major disaster. Not only is global warming just an issue in the United States, but it is becoming a very impo rtant international issue as well (Newton 181). Some scientists are beginning to promote the idea that everyone can help to slow the speed of global warming because it is becoming such a pressing issue. Due to the rapid pace of global warming, people must take action now to preserve the world as humans know it today. Global Warming is one of the more controversial topics in the world today. Some people feel that it is a big issue, while others don’t think as much about it. However, global warming has already proven itself to be a major problem we are encountering. A lot of people believe that this ‘warm spell’ is just that, a spell that’s going to pass with time. They think that the trends we are seeing are only part of a cycle and we have experienced them before. But if looked at the data, as well as the projected data scientists are now beginning to publish, they would see the degree of this ‘warm spell’ is many times worse than any people have ever had in the past. Global warming might be a new topic that causes people to react differently, but all large topics start out this way. As time goes on and humans continue to see the effects of global warming, it will become more accepted in our society because it won’t just be a controversial issu e that we talk

Harvey Norman - Leadership Strategies and Qualities

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Strategies of Harvey Norman. Answer: Introduction Leadership comprises of basic ability and skill of an individual to get work done. It is a process where an individual through his judgmental skills and knowledge helps in achieving the individual and group goals. The main aim of a leader is to lead the organization in achieving targets (Fairholm, 2011). Some of the quality which a leader should posses are as follows: he should be focused, confident, passionate, achiever, accountable, credible, determined, responsible, committed etc. Abovementioned are the fundamental traits which are seen in a leader. A leader is born not made is a common quote which focuses on the qualities which a leader should have. It is only due to the hard work and dedication of leader an organization achieves its targets (Powell, 2012). Leadership Strategies The success of an organization depends upon the capability of the leader who guides to adopt the changes. The recent changes in the business practices has affected in successful obtaining the required results. Leadership plays a significant role in changing the business approach to enforce the required plan. The quality of leadership has to do with the clear vision of the leader. The ability of a company doesnt depend upon the single leadership but the chain of commands. Leadership includes both the formal and informal leadership styles. The quality of the leadership depends upon the current and the future projects. It is depicted through the number of business functions, location, reporting relationship etc (Schein, 2006). There is a regular need to adopt the business behavior, strategy and to form the desired competencies. The group leadership capabilities depends upon the strategies, response to the threat, adopt the change and supporting the innovation. The desired leadership pra ctice involves collaboration across boundaries, accepting different responsibilities and learning the people behavior to lead the organization. A good leadership strategy counts each of the factors into practice. A leadership strategy helps us to make an estimate of the number of leaders which are required in an organization. There are very few organizations which have an explicit leadership strategy. Like business strategy leadership strategy are based on examining the situations. The strategy helps in suggesting the gap in between the current and the future situation. The desired goals can be framed after framing the leadership strategy. It helps in formulating the required future state, inference for talent management etc. Finally the leadership strategy helps in emphasizing the business strategies as per the required talent (Sperry, 2013) (Passmore, 2014). The leadership strategy should be motivated by the business strategies which are specified in the business plan. It highly depend upon many factors like quantity of leaders, leadership quality, skills of the individual land the group, capabilities of the organization, the leadership culture, etc (Manion,2011). Leadership Qualities There is a requirement of great leaders who enhance the overall productivity sitting at the top level. Enhanced language skills in the leader helps in building strong cross-cultural relationships Greater understanding of local laws and business arrangements in strategy making. Great senses of responsibility among the leaders help in effective collaboration of the new product. There is a need to need increase leadership involvement across different zones to gather information related to the consumer product which will help in making profitable transactions. Great leaders have acumen to anticipate the rapid growing capital market. A leader has vision regarding the future changes which can influence the trends in an organization. A great leader is responsible for the success of the organization. Most of the big organization is successful due to the skills of leader. They help others to grow with them under their influence. It is necessary that an organization profess efficient leadershi p to achieve the required goals (Maxwell, 2007) (Glanz, 2002). Description of the Leader It is true that the success of an organization depends upon the leader largely. The key behavior to achieve the target is the skills of the leaders. The success of Harvey Norman depends upon the dedication and vision of Gerry Harvey leadership. His behavior towards the employee and business has led the success of the organization. His ability to lead the organization highly affects his role and the achievement of the company. He is responsible for the success of the organization for the past 26 years. Its due to his dedication the company is working under three brands name not only in Australia but other countries as well (Kirby,2011). Company Profile Harvey Norman is an Australian based company which deals in furniture, bedding, computers, communications and other electronic goods. Gerry Norman and Ian Norman is the founder of Harvey Norman. They started their first store in the year1961. There are more than 166 Harvey Norman franchised places in Australia as on 30 June 2015. The company is listed on the Australian Exchange and has 86 over-sea operations. Gerry Harvey is the founder of the company and owns 30 percent of the holdings. The major factor for the success of the brand all over Australia is his retail savvy attitude. He understands the market trends and the business tools which are essential for the organization to achieve a pleasant growth under different circumstances. It is only due to his idea the company has shown commendable results over the past years. He provides his employees all the resources to bloom under variable situations. He welcomes suggestion from his staff which has helped the employees to behave in t he favor of the organization (Company Profile, 2016). Gerry Harvey Gerry Harvey was born on18 September 1939 in Springwood, New South Wales. He is one of the largest business entrepreneurs in Australia. He is the chairman of Harvey Norman Holdings which are providing franchise to the electronic goods retailer in Australia. He has become successful due to persistent hard work and dedication. He has resisted the notion of hiring the professional managers and board members which may affect the success of the organization. It is Harvey which introduced personal computer to the people in Australia. His leadership skills are one of the best in the world. He married Katie Page in the year 1988, who is his business partner and working as a CEO for the company. Both Gerry and Page are regarded as the best business couple who are taking Harvey Norman to the indefinite heights. Gerrys leadership style is considered to be one of the most influential styles. The success of Harvey Norman is due to his persistent efforts and leadership goals. Harvey Norman follows 6 major elements regarding business modeling strategies which are production of huge diversified products, following a competitive strategies, managing people , selling products through ownership and franchising, appearance in social events and investment in properties (Kidman and Feher,2016) (Perera and Pudney,2013). Managerial Role A leader has a responsibility to manage the organization with his vision. A leader has to play various roles in the success of the organization. He is the one who is responsible to share information within the organization through his interpersonal skills. Gerry is the heart and soul of Harvey Norman where he is responsible to take significant decisions in the favor of the company. He is the central head of the company as majority of decisions flow from him. Effective implementation of policies by Gerry can be seen in the vision of the company (Humphrey, 2010). Personal Role An individual personal skill is responsible for the success of the organization. A leader has a set of goals which helps him in the success of the organization. It is witnessed that effective leadership helps in the growth of the organization. Gerry is the face for Harvey Norman who interacts with the media and makes public appearances. He feels that it is essential to interact with the public to achieve the faith of stakeholders. A visionary has to adopt the changes as per the current situations. Gerry lacks vision like other leaders he is still focused on issuing franchisee to the small retailers. The world is changing rapidly where it is essential to adopt the changes in the environment. For sustainability it is essential to adopt the changes as per the growing trends. The strength of the organization depends upon the adaptability with the current situation. It is necessary for a leader to be flexible with his approach. The expansion of an organization depends upon the surrounding s. Ethical business practice is important in the global business scenario. This characteristic is exhibited by Mr. Gerry in conducting business. As per the record he is the lowest paid CEO in Australia (Samson and Daft,2012). Leadership Styles Leadership styles are the different ways in which a leader provides direction to the people. There are various leadership styles which are described by various authors. Different leaders exhibit different leadership style. Leadership style depends upon the individual qualities which develop due to influence in various fields (Bonnici and Cooper,2011). Authoritarian Theory The leader dictates over his subordinate and controls all the activities of the organization. There is lesser participation of members and they are obliged to follow the leader. He emphasize on maintaining a distance from his followers. This leadership style focus on following the vision of the leader. This type of leadership skill can create a fear in the mind of the people. The subordinates are bound to obey the instruction from the authority. There is a very less scope when they can rebel against any change; hence the subordinates are bound to obey the instructions from their seniors ( Iqbal,2011). Paternalistic Approach An approach where a leader acts as a dominant authority and manages his employees like an extended family .The leader believes his employees to obey him and to do as per his instructions. Workers under this style are asked to be committed towards their leaders. The leaders and the subordinates share a string relationship. The leader treats the workers as the part of their family. The disadvantage of this approach is the leader follows favoritism in the organization which affects the personal relations of the employees. Workers who follow this approach showcase better organizational skills. The reward system motivates the worker to work in a good faith (Gennard and Judge, 2002). Transactional Theory It is a leadership theory where the leaders supervise through both rewards and punishment. If the work is done properly employees get the credit if not they, they are given punishment. It is also known as managerial leadership which promotes compliance by the followers. This approach is not focused on changing the future but is concerned for keeping the same situation. The leaders keep an eye on the followers to find the fault. This leadership is effective in managing the organization in emergency situation. Democratic Approach This leadership style is also known as participative leadership style where the members are given rights to exchange the ideas. The leaders encourages sharing of idea and flow of knowledge within the organization. This style is suitable in a dynamic organization. This leadership style helps in bringing the best out of professional team. The leader allows sharing of ideas for the benefit of the company. It is well noticed that the company can grow when the team mate share healthy relationship. If the ideas of leaders are open to make discussion it will create healthy relationship within the organization. This helps in equal participation from the employees which create a sense of belongingness. Laissez Faire It is a French term which means a system where the leader leaves the decision making process on the mercy of the subordinate without much interference. Subordinate are given liberty in decision making process. All decision making rights are given to the workers. It gives complete freedom to the workers to make decisions as per their wish. They follow the system of self rule with the support of the leader. The guidance of the leaders helps them to achieve the required targets which are essentially important. This type of leadership style is focused on accomplishing the goals of the employees rather than focusing on the organizational goals. It is stated that this type of leadership style is famous in the case of highly skilled employees who has an experience in their respective field. Gerry Harvey is seen as the successful CEO who is responsible for the consistent growth of Harvey Norman. He leads a very normal life like the other employees of the organization. His vision involves sharing of ideas among the employees is essential for the success of the organization. Like other CEO who has a well furnished office and amenities Gerry believes in living an average person life. He pays a regular visit to the stores to check the regular business and employees level of involvement. His hard work and entrepreneurial skills has helped in contributing to the achievement of the retail chain (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2009). Challenges Gerry style of conducting the business is very old fashioned. Lack of adaptability to change in the present scenario can cause threat to the organization. The company is still focused on issuing franchise to the independent retailer. In the era of technology they should focus on changing their business style in the good faith of the organization. The current period has seen a growth in the online shopping. Most of the people around the world are opting buying goods online rather than physical shopping. His approach of doing business is bureaucratic where he is ignoring the global changing scenario. There is a need to introduce respective changes adopting the global necessity (Online retailing threatens Australia,2012). Effective leader uses an appropriate influential style to affect the decision making of the employees significantly. The negotiating power of the leader helps in deciding in common whereas the power to bargain is the quality in the leader to make situation in his favor. Gerry believes in exerting his influence over the employees to affect the decision making. He follows a policy to resolve the differences in between the level of operations. Forcing employees creates fear in their mind which stops them to achieve the targets. Multi Cultural Leadership With globalization the world is shrinking into a small place where people of every race, creed, and nationality are included in the workforce. Multi cultural leadership is where one accepts the difference in culture and appreciates the contribution from each individual and believes in growth of whole world (Pewit et al. 2011). Gerry Harvey is expanding its business to other nations which has helped in creating opportunities at the local level. A multi-cultural leader helps in developing the relationship with other countries as he knows that this would benefit him in his growth. Business Strategy with the Leadership Style Harvey Norman is the most famous retail store in Australia. It has become a household name and preferred by most of the Australians due to its wide availability. Their motto Go Harvey motivates its employees to make an extra contribution by providing to its customers the distinguished services. Their mission is to create a sense of responsibility with the employees in achieving the goals. Due to immense global competition it has seen that the retail sector is facing a major challenge from the international stores (McLachlan,2015).There strategy involves production of large goods, selling the goods at competitive rates and managing the people through franchising. Most of the business of Harvey Norman is conducted through their retail store. Gerry Norman is a pioneer of physical buying rather than online shopping. For meeting the purpose he is following the strategy of expansion. His vision is correlated with his way of conducting business. For this purpose he is planning for the expansion across the globe. They have taken over a strong market position. The subsequent acquisition of many brands has provided the brand with the cutting edge. The retail stores are expanding at a considerable rate and are gaining popularity. Its under the leadership of Gerry the company is making distinguish changes in the process of undertaking the motive of the employees to another level. Gerry considered that the employees are essential for an organizational growth. It is due to their efforts the company can survive for a long run( Hubbard, Rice and Galvin,2014). At present the company is operating in more than 13 countries with multiple stores which are meeting the quality standards. Gerry vision is to expand the business opportunity and make the slogan Go Harvey famous across the globe. Gerry is very liberal with his approach. The employees are allowed to share their suggestions with him anytime they want (Company Profile,2016). There talent acquisition programs and employees retention schemes are considered to be best. For this purpose they are benefiting their employees with multiple opportunities. They have introduced several schemes which re as Providing a discount on the rentals to the employees After 6 months of employment the employees are given extra benefit like laptops, tablets etc They provide car on lease to the employees under the benefit schemes which save them under any tax. They promote healthy job environment and helps in flexible working environment (BENEFITS,2016). Plans to be Considered Harvey Norman should focus on developing online sale of goods. A recent trend has shown that the consumers are inclined towards shopping goods online. The current leadership under the guidance of Gerry Harvey would help the organization to grow in the coming years. Moreover the market strategies are based on providing the franchises to the small retailers. This has created employment opportunities. The leadership strategies of Gerry Harvey are focused and creating differential opportunities. The retail sector has created maximum opportunities for employment in Australia. Harvey Norman should frame their strategies focusing on the development of the employees under the leadership strategies off Gerry Harvey. Conclusion The report focuses on the different style of leadership which is practiced across the world. Technology has created ample of opportunities in different part of the world. Organizations are adopting different strategies as per the necessity. The growing needs of leadership have gained importance in the recent time. The project discusses the leadership style of Harvey Norman under the leadership of Gerry Harvey. He is the face behind the success of the organization. It discusses various leadership styles which he is focusing on by consistently focusing on the mission of the organization. Employees are the asset of any organization, it is necessary for an employer to consistently motivating them to increase the overall productivity. Gerry Harvey has helped in motivating the organization in the past two decades which has helped the organization in making big name. References Benefits(2016) (Online) Available from https://www.harveynormanglobal.com/benefits/ (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Bonnici,C. and Cooper,B.(2011). Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education Company Profile,(2016) (Online)Available from https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/companyprofile.htm (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Company Profile. (2016) (Online) Available from https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/pdf_files/Company_Profile_2012.pdf (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Fairholm,G.(2011). Real Leadership: How Spiritual Values Give Leadership Meaning. ABC-CLIO Gennard,J. and Judge,G.(2002). Employee Relations. CIPD Publishing Glanz,J.(2002). Finding Your Leadership Style: A Guide for Educators. ASCD Hubbard,G.,Rice,J. and Galvin,P.(2014). Strategic Management. Pearson Australia Humphrey,N.(2010). The Penguin Small Business Guide: The Complete Reference Handbook For Small Businesses. Penguin UK Iqbal,T.(2011). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Effectiveness. GRIN Verlag Kidman,M. and Feher,A.(2016). Master CEOs: Insights from Australia's Leading CEOs. John Wiley Sons Kirby,J.(2011). Gerry Harvey: Business Secrets of Harvey Norman's Retailing Mastermind.Wiley, Manion,J.(2011). From Management to Leadership: Strategies for Transforming Health.John Wiley Sons Maxwell, J. (2007). The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader: Becoming the Person Others Will Want to Follow. Thomas Nelson Inc McLachlan,H.(2015). Hamish McLachlan: What you didnt know about Harvey Norman chief Gerry Harvey(Online)Available from: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/hamish-mclachlan-what-you-didnt-know-about-harvey-norman-chief-gerry-harvey/news-story/ea8b2d4fd6429fb28ad67791c6578610 (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Online retailing threatens Australia.(2012). (Online)Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2012/s3458857.htm (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Passmore,W.(2014) (Online)Available from https://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/research/LeadershipStrategy.pdf (Accessed on: 30/09/16) Perera,G. and Pudney,C.(2013). Out of Office. eBookIt.com Powell, C. (2012). It worked for me: in life and leadership. US: Harper Collins Prewitt, J., Weil, R.and McClure. (2011). Developing leadership in global and multi cultural organization. International journal of business and social science, pp.13-19 Pride,W., Hughes,R. and Kapoor,J.(2009). Business. Cengage Learning Samson,D. and Daft,R.(2012). Management. Cengage Learning Schein,E.(2006). Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley Sons Sperry, L. (2013). Effective Leadership: Strategies for Maximizing Executive Productivity and Health. Routledge

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay Example

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay In this paper, I will attempt to explicate and discuss some aspects of Frances Tustins concept of the unbearable ecstasy of at-one-ment emphasizing her attentiveness to the importance of the containing function of the mother with regard to this elemental experience; Meltzers notion of the aesthetic conflict; and Bions important and original distinction between reverence and awe and defensive idealization as each of these specific themes separately and in combination have some essential bearing upon the provocation or mitigation of envy, the process of introjection, the development of both healthy and pathological internal object relations, and the resultant nature of the super-ego and individual self-esteem. I hope to be able to demonstrate how these concepts overlap, intersect, and modify one another perhaps reflecting the personal and professional intersection between these three clinicians and their profound impact on my thinking. Toward this end, I will offer clinical case material, both as a background for and an illustration of the phenomena described, as well as certain conclusions, which may have some impact upon our attitude and technique in psychoanalysis. To begin with, I would like to present a clinical vignette from the analysis of a patient, whom I will call Jessica, as an introduction to and background for the theoretical discussion which follows. Jessica (Clinical Material Omitted Here) We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Aesthetic Conflict I was re-minded of Jessicas experience while reading Donald Meltzers paper (Meltzer Williams, 1988) on what he terms the aesthetic conflict. In that paper, Meltzer states: It has probably escaped no-ones attention that the percentage of beautiful mothers recorded in the course of psycho-analysis far exceeds the national average and that this appellation clearly refers back to childhood impressions often completely out of keeping with later more objective judgments by the patients of their middle-aged parent (p.8-9). Here Meltzer prompts our consideration of the possibility that the view of the beautiful mother, often presented by patients in analysis, harkens back to some early proto-aesthetic experience; one that is however not without conflict. Rocked in the cradle of the deep of his mothers graceful walk; lulled by the music of her voice set against the syncopation of his own heart-beat and hers; responding in dance like a little seal, playful as a puppy. But moments of anxiety, short of fetal distress, may also transmit itself through heart-beat, rigidity, trembling, jarring movements; perhaps a coital activity may be disturbing rather than enjoyable, perhaps again dependent on the quality of maternal emotion; maternal fatigue may transmit itself by loss of postural tone and graceless movement (p.17). In this passage Meltzer indicates that the baby knows its mother inside and out as both the bad and the beautiful and is impacted on a sensual level by each of her physical, mental, and emotional qualities even before its birth. This notion reverberates with findings from current fetal observation (Mancia 1981; Piontelli 1985, 1987, 1988, 1992a, 1992b), psychoanalytic/clinical inference (Bion 1976/1987,1977a; Freud 1926; Hansen 1994; Maiello 1995; Mitrani 1996; Osterweil 1990; Paul 1981, 1989, 1990; Share 1994), and imaginative conjecture (Bion 1979). Indeed Meltzer purports that . . . every baby knows from experience that his mother has an inside world, a world where he has dwelled and from whence he has been expelled or escaped, depending on his point of view (p.21), and he goes on to posit that, after birth: The ordinary devoted mother presents to her ordinary beautiful baby a complex object of overwhelming interest, both sensual and infra-sensual. Her outward beauty . . . bombards him with an emotional experience of a passionate quality, the result of his being able to see [her] as beautiful. But the meaning of his mothers behavior, of the appearance and disappearance of the breast and of the light in her eyes, of a face over which emotions pass like the shadows of clouds over the landscape, are unknown to him (p.22). Meltzer seems to suggest here that mother is an enigma to her baby. The baby may have known her, and yet perhaps shaken by the impressive caesura of the act of birth (Freud 1926) it has suddenly become uncertain of what it knows. Is she a beauty or the beast? When Meltzer proposes that This is the aesthetic conflict, which can be most precisely stated in terms of the aesthetic impact of the outside of the beautiful mother available to the senses, and the enigmatic inside which must be construed by creative imagination (p.22, italic mine). it seems that he is implying that the babys sensory experience of the beautiful (good) mother must be confirmed by what the baby finds inside the mother, and that the babys experience of the mothers inner world her mood, her emotional and mental life, her attitudes about herself and her baby is colored by creative imagination, i.e., by its own phantasies via the process of projective identification. However further along, Meltzer appends the above conclusion, submitting that the baby must wait like Kafkas K for decisions from the castle of his mothers inner world (p.22). With this addition, it would seem he is suggesting and, I believe, is correct in doing so that it is not just the babys creative imagination that imbues the inside of the mother and the babys pre- and postnatal experience of her with meaning, since, as he so astutely observes, the baby must derive its cues from the mothers conscious and unconscious communications; that is, the baby must wait for its mother to confirm its greatest hopes or its gravest fears. To put it another way, the baby asks: how does mother view/experience herself? and it must anxiously await the answer from its mother. I believe that the babys question and the mothers answer together constitute one aspect of the type of reality testing that Melanie Klein (1975) referred to as the means by which the baby finds validation for the enduring existence of the good breast, the good internal object, and the good experience it represents. An example of this type of reality testing, and the consequences of a distorted message being received from the castle of the mothers inner world, may be seen in the following material from the four times per week analysis of another patient whom I will refer to as Carla. Carla (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Lara (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Reverence and Awe versus Idealization In a paper read at a scientific meeting of the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society in 1967, Bion (1992) described an encounter with one patient who came to him after a previous analysis from which he had benefited, but with which he was nonetheless dissatisfied. At first Bion expected to find greed at the bottom of this patients distress, but it soon became clear to him that there was something else going on. Bion described his patients outpourings, which were so fragmented that they would have required an omniscient analyst to sort out and make sense of (p.289). Bions interpretations were either labeled brilliant or they were met with extreme disappointment and hostility to the point of depression. He finally concluded that: There is a great difference between idealization of a parent because the child is in despair, and idealization because the child is in search of an outlet for feelings of reverence and awe. In the latter instance the problem centers on frustration and the inability to tolerate frustration of a fundamental part of a particular patients make-up. This is likely to happen if the patient is capable of love and admiration to an outstanding degree; in the former instance the patient may have no particular capacity for affection but a great greed to be its recipient. The answer to the question which is it ? will not be found in any textbook but only in the process of psycho-analysis itself (p.292). In his customary style, Bion avoids saturating his concepts, leaving them somewhat ambiguous, and thus allowing us the freedom to use our own capacity for imaginative conjecture to fill in the blanks, so to speak. I will yield to the temptation to do so with the understanding that the reader may draw his or her own conclusions, which may very well differ from my own. I think Bion seems to be saying that, in this instance, he had met with a patient for whom Kleins theory of envy did not apply. Indeed he seems to be making it clear that he did not see his patients disappointment and hostility as constituting an attack on the good breast or the analysts good interpretations. Neither did he seem to see the patients fragmented presentation as the result of an envious attack on thinking or on the links that might have rendered his communications meaningful and relevant (Bion 1959). Instead, Bion appears to conclude that his patient was attempting to have an experience of an object who might be able to understand and transform the inchoate experiences of the as-yet-unintegrated-baby-he and was therefore seeking the realization of his preconception of an object who can contain these experiences as well as his innate capacity for love, reverence, and awe. I would put forward here that the containing capacity, initially found and felt to be located in this type of external object when introjected leads to the development of an internal object capable of sustaining and bearing feelings of ecstasy and love; an object that might form the basis of the patients own self-esteem. This aim certainly calls for an analyst who truly thinks well enough of himself and his own goodness that he is not dependent upon the goodness and cooperativeness of the patient in order for such a positive self-perception to be confirmed, and in order for him to continue to function analytically. Discussion with Frances Tustin During one of my final conversations with Frances Tustin (1994), with whom I enjoyed a close personal and professional relationship for over a decade, we had the opportunity to discuss this distinction, which Bion makes between the manic defense of idealization and the healthy striving to be in contact with an object deserving of reverence and awe. Prior to this time, Tustin had never read nor had she been aware of the existence of this paper of Bions, which I chanced to bring to her attention in the following way. When we were together in England, just one month before her death, I knew that Frances had little time to live and I wanted to express to her in most explicit terms how much her work had affected me. I wished to do this partly out of my own need to show my gratitude toward her this one last time. However, I also felt the need to reassure her, since she seemed to be plagued by a fear that she had not contributed enough, that what she had contributed would soon be lost or forgotten, or that it would have no effect on anyone after her death. When I told Frances how profoundly she had helped and inspired me in my thinking and practice as an analyst, she demurred, as if she felt I was in danger of idealizing her. She said that I gave her much too much credit for [my] good work and hard-won success, and she heaped upon me many other compliments that, although sincere, left me feeling somewhat rejected. Suddenly I felt a headache coming on, and my good spirits faded. When Frances noticed my mood had changed, she asked what the trouble was. I was quite candid with her about what I had felt and about what had followed, and said that I hoped she would be more mindful of the way she handled peoples gratitude for and admiration of her. After recounting my experience and those of the patients discussed in this paper, we talked over how she herself had stressed the idea that the ecstasy of at-one-ment (Tustin 1981) could only be borne if it were adequately contained by the mother herself (p.224-6). In the most primitive states of mind, beauty is associated with moments of bodily completeness in which there is an experience of ecstatic fusion with the earth-mother (Tustin, 1981/1992). If left uncontained, such ecstasy might be experienced as a dangerous overflow of bodily excitement equated with a devastating sense of two-ness (p.106), too much to be borne in mind, perhaps disintegrating into a painful if not unbearable somatic agony. When the beautiful experience of at-one-ment is unable to be kept in mind, not only does it leak out and dissolve in its antithesis the ugly tantrum of two-ness but the baby is now doomed to an eternal despairing search for that ever-present auto-sensual bit needed to flesh out its exp erience of being. We went on to talk at length about the relationship of the experience of ecstasy to that of the beautiful mother refered to both by Meltzer (1988) and by Winnicott (1945), as well as about Bions ideas regarding reverence and awe. We both knew that I was having difficulty facing the impending loss of her friendship and support, and that I was chafing at the prospect of her death. However it seemed to us in that moment that even more salient was my need to secure in our last contact her aid in containing all of my love and gratitude for her. Some Conclusions In part, as a result of that last conversation with Tustin, I have arrived at the conclusion that the resolution of what Meltzer called the aesthetic conflict might be predicated, at least in part, upon the capacity of the mother to contain the babys reverence and awe of her, along with her own capacity for tolerating her babys hatred, envy, and terror of loss. This may prove clinically crucial when we consider the process of internalization or introjection by the patient of the analyst and his/her functioning which is essential to insure a successful treatment. It might be said that the apprehension of beauty (Meltzer 1988) is linked to the existence at the core of the inner sphere of the personality of a container, not just for our painful experiences, but for those joyful ones as well; a containing object with the capacity to endure not just our feelings of hatred toward the object (and therefore toward the self), but one that is enduring of and resonating with those loving feelings felt toward the perceived external object, one in which the capacity for realistic self-love and esteem are rooted. As Kahlil Gibran wisely wrote in The Prophet : And a poet said, Speak to us of Beauty. And he answered: Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide? And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech? (1923/1976, p. 74) It must not escape our awareness that our capacity to love and therefore to forgive ourselves depends largely upon the way in which our loving feelings have been dealt with, accepted, and validated by an other. It seems when all is said and done that we are limited in part in our capacity for self-esteem by the limitations of our parents capacity (and later our analysts) to contain and therefore confirm our feelings of reverence and awe. I believe that herein lie several technical implications of enormous import. For example, we must consider that if we interpret the patients genuine reverence and awe of us (when we are felt as truly good objects) as a defensive idealization (as if we were instead being experienced as bad objects) perhaps out of some rigidly inappropriate adherence to our theories we will fail in our function as a container (Bion, 1977b) for experiences of true goodness, and consequently this essential internal function will fail to develop in the patient. Instead, the Super ego (Bion 1962, p.97) will be augmented and its devastating effects intensified, where forgiveness and the striving for life might otherwise healthfully prevail. Additionally, the development of an enduring faith in the existence of goodness and beauty, with increasing hope for their apprehension, will be stultified. When hopefulness perishes, nagging doubts about the goodness of the object and therefore about the worthiness of the self perpetuate in spite of repeated proofs of such goodness and worthiness. Moreover, increased envy and defensive idealization will proliferate hyperbolically (Mitrani 1993). As analysts we need to realize that the degree of our awareness of our strengths and limitations, and the extent of our willingness and ability to consider, to accurately evaluate, and to acknowledge to ourselves the impact of the messages we send to the baby-in-the-analysand from the castle of our inner world are crucial factors in providing an emotional experience for the patient that serves to mend old wounds and facilitate new growth.